advisory vs. Enchanted Kingdom
On June 15, 2008, I sent a letter via registered mail to the manager of said Enchanted Kingdom. Said letter was designated as registered letter No. 6764. Based on evidence, said letter was received by said manager or his/her agent sometime in June 2008. Up to _________, __, 200_,
I have not received any reply from said manager or his/her agent. The following are the contents of said letter:
===================================================================
"June 14, 2008 The Manager Enchanted Kingdom Sta. Rosa, Laguna
The following claim regarding Enchanted Kingdom was published on page
B-6 of the Friday, June 13, 2008 of the Philippine Star newspaper:: "Enchanted
Kingdom has a treat even for those who get rained upon during their weekend visit -
a free ticket so they can return to enjoy the park another day!" Please send
soonest, full details regarding said claim. Who will provide said alleged free
ticket. Where, if any,can said person located? When, if any, can said person, be
seen?"
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/portals/public.html
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About Household Products Database
The Household Products Database of the National Library of Medicine is based on the Consumer Product Information Database ©2001-2007 by DeLima Associates. All rights reserved.
This database links over 7,000 consumer brands to health effects from Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provided by manufacturers and allows scientists and consumers to research products based on chemical ingredients. The database is designed to help answer the following typical questions:
* What are the chemical ingredients and their percentage in specific brands?
* Which products contain specific chemical ingredients?
* Who manufactures a specific brand? How do I contact this manufacturer?
* What are the acute and chronic effects of chemical ingredients in a specific brand?
* What other information is available about chemicals in the toxicology-related databases of the National Library of Medicine?
Information in the Household Products Database (the database) is from a variety of publicly available sources including brand-specific labels and Material Safety Data Sheets when available from manufacturers and manufacturers' web sites. NLM and its Contractor (the Database Providers) do not test products nor investigate to determine if this information is complete or accurate. The Database Providers do their best to record the information as it appears on labels and other sources. Manufacturers frequently change formulations and although the Database Providers strive to keep information current, a lag period may occur between the time when a manufacturer makes a change to a label or a Material Safety Data Sheet, and the time a change appears in the database. As a result, The Database Providers cannot guarantee that the information in the database is 100% accurate, current or complete at a particular point in time. When precise ingredient information is important, the database should not be considered a substitute for reading labels on products or for contacting the manufacture. For these purposes, the Database Providers have provided telephone numbers and mailing addresses where available.
The National Library of Medicine and its contractor make no expressed or implied warranties, representations or endorsements whatsoever (including, without limitation, warranties of title or non-infringement, or the implied warranties of fitness of brands for a particular purpose) with regard to any information provided through this on-line database.
The user assumes full responsibility for using this site and understands and agrees that the National Library of Medicine and its contractor are neither responsible nor liable to you or anyone else for any claim, loss or damage resulting from its use.
All brands and product names in this database are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. This database is provided to the National Library of Medicine under a license agreement with DeLima Associates as a copyrighted information resource for non-commercial use only. No part of this database may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording, or information storage and retrieval systems, for any purpose other than for the personal use of the site visitor. The National Library of Medicine welcomes links to the Household Products Database home page. The National Library of Medicine's license agreement with DeLima Associates does not permit framing the content from our site.
Initial funding for this database was provided by the National Center for Environmental Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Brands shown in the database were first selected in 1995 based on market share within each of 9 product categories and shelf presence in retail stores such as drugstores, supermarkets, auto parts stores, building supply stores, office supply stores, craft stores and pet stores.
For information about this and other National Library of Medicine databases please contact: tehip@teh.nlm.nih.gov
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Glossary
ACGIH The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., (ACGIH) deals with the protection of the health of those involved in industry. ACGIH publishes Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for over 700 chemical substances.
Acute Effect An effect that occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after a single or brief exposure to a toxic agent. Generally, acute effects will be evident within 14 days.
Acute Health Effect An adverse health effect resulting from a single exposure to a substance.
Aerosols Aerosols are airborne particulates. They may be solids or liquid droplets.
Allergy An immune hypersensitivity reaction of body tissues to allergens that can affect the skin (urticaria), respiratory tract (asthma), gastrointestinal tract (vomiting and nausea) or produce a systemic circulatory response (anaphylactic response).
Ambient environment The surrounding environment. This can refer to ambient air, ambient water, or ambient soil.
Anemia A condition in which there is reduced or impaired red blood cells or hemoglobin resulting in an inadequate capacity of the blood to transport oxygen to body tissues.
Anoxia An insufficient (below normal) supply of oxygen in the body tissues.
Antidote A remedy for counteracting a poison.
Asphyxiant A relatively non-toxic gas that in high concentrations in the air results in insufficient oxygen which can cause hypoxia.
Aspiration The act of breathing in particulates or mists.
Biodegradation Breakdown of a chemical into smaller less complex molecules by microorganisms in environmental media (e.g., soil, water, sediment).
Body Burden The concentration of a substance which has accumulated in the body.
Bone Marrow The tissue within the internal open space of bones (e.g., shaft of long bones) in which the blood-forming elements exist.
Cancer An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, creating a tumor that can invade surrounding tissues and may spread (metastasis) to distant organs.
Carcinogen A substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer. A carcinogenic substance is one that is known to cause cancer.
Carcinogenicity The complex process whereby normal body cells are transformed to cancer cells.
CAS Number Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number is a unique identifier for a chemical and its synonyms. CAS numbers identify the chemical, but not its concentration or specific mixture.
Chronic Dose Substance administered or received gradually over a long period of time (months to years).
Chronic Effect An effect that either shows up a long time after an exposure (the latency period) or an effect that results from a long-term (chronic) exposure.
Chronic Health Effect An adverse health effect resulting from long-term exposure to a substance.
Cirrhosis A chronic condition of the liver in which liver cells are replaced by fibrous cells.
CNS The central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Combustible Liquid U.S. OSHA defines a combustible liquid as ?any liquid having a flash point at or above 100 deg. F., but below 200 deg. F., except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 deg. F., or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.?
Combustible Solid Solids that are capable of igniting and burning.
Control Group A group of animals or humans in a study that are treated the same as the exposed groups but without receiving the specific exposure.
Cornea The transparent front surface of the eye.
Corrosion Direct chemical action that results in irreversible damage at the site of contact. It is manifested by ulceration, necrosis, and scar formation.
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission. It is a federal agency responsible for protecting the public from toxins and other hazards present in consumer products.
Dermal Relating to the skin.
Dermal Toxicity Toxicity of the skin which can range from mild irritation to corrosivity, hypersensitivity, and skin cancer.
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin typically marked by reddening, swelling, oozing, crusting or scaling.
Dosage The determination of quantity of a substance received that incorporates the size, frequency, and duration of doses (e.g., 10 mg every 8 hours for 5 days).
Dose The amount of a substance received at one time. Dose is usually expressed as administered or absorbed dose (e.g., milligrams material/kilogram of body weight).
Dose-Response Assessment The relation between dose levels and associated effects.
DOT Department of Transportation. A federal agency responsible for the safe shipment of toxic chemicals and other hazardous materials.
Ecologic A term referring to the general environment.
Ecotoxicity The toxic effects on environmental organisms other than humans.
ED50 Effective dose 50%. The estimated dose that causes some specific effect (usually desirable) for 50% of the population.
Edema The retention of fluid in an organ or in the body.
Effluent The discharge of waste from a plant or other source into the environment.
Environmental Fate The fate of a substance following its release into the environment. It includes the movement and persistence of the substance.
Enzyme A protein which serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions in cells.
Enzyme Inhibitor A substance which causes a decrease in levels of an enzyme.
EPA Environmental Protection Agency. A federal agency responsible for regulation of most chemicals that can enter the environment. The EPA administers the following acts: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Clean Air Act (CAA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabilities Act (CERCLA) ( Superfund Act).
Epidemiology The study of the relative characteristics of exposed and nonexposed human populations for the purpose of detecting harmful effects.
Epidermis The outer layer of the skin.
Excretion A process whereby substances (or metabolites) are eliminated from the body.
Exposure Contact with a foreign substance, usually by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.
Exposure Assessment The analysis or estimation of the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to an agent.
Exposure Dose The amount of a substance in the environment to which a person is subjected.
FDA Food And Drug Administration. A federal agency responsible for the safety evaluation of drugs, cosmetics, food additives, and medical devices.
Fetus The unborn offspring in the postembryonic period, after major structures have been outlined. In humans this occurs from 8-9 weeks after conception until birth.
Fibrosis The formation of scar tissue in an organ, generally by replacement of functional organ cells by non-functional fibrous tissue.
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. A federal law, administered by the EPA, to evaluate and register pesticides.
Flash Point Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material.
Gastrointestinal Related to stomach and intestine.
Genetic Toxicity Toxic effects that result from damage to DNA and altered genetic expression.
Genotoxic Toxic effects that result from damage to DNA and altered genetic expression.
Hazard The inherent adverse effect of a substance.
Hazard Communication Standard An OSHA standard established in 1983 requiring all employers to inform employees of the hazard of chemicals in the workplace and the steps necessary to avoid harm.
Health Hazard Health hazard means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in persons exposed. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Hepatotoxicity Toxicity of the liver and associated bile duct and gall bladder.
Hepatotoxin A substance that is toxic to the liver
HMIS® HMIS®, the Hazardous Materials Identification System, is a registered mark of the National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) but is used by all manufacturers to comply with the requirements of OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard. HMIS® uses colored bars, numbers and symbols to convey the severity of hazards of chemicals. Only numbers are used in this database to convey the severity of the hazards of chemical ingredients of each brand when used in the workplace. These ratings were determined for each brand by its manufacturer and documented in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) published by the manufacturer.
* "Health" denotes the health hazard. The health rating is based on the toxicity of chemicals contained in a specific brand and its ability to cause skin and eye irritation.?
* "Fire" denotes the fire hazard, and ratings are assigned based on the flashpoint and boiling point of the materials contained in a specific brand.
* "Reactivity" denotes the reactivity hazard from exposure to materials contained in the indicated brand. Reactivity ratings are based on the material's potential to release violent energy under conditions of fire, water contact, high temperature or pressure, or proximity to activating substances.
The level of severity for acute exposures is as follows:
0 = Minimal
1 = Slight
2 = Moderate
3 = Serious
4 = Severe
N = No information provided by manufacturer
The addition of an asterisk (*) after the number indicates that exposure to chemicals in the specific brand could also pose a chronic hazard (such as emphysema or kidney damage).
Hypersensitivity A state of altered immune reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated response to a foreign agent.
Hypoxia A partial reduction in the oxygen concentration supplied to cells or tissues.
IARC The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), compiles several databases on carcinogenic risk to humans, epidemiology and cancer control. IARC classifies chemicals and mixtures into four basic groups.? Group 1 consists of chemicals that are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Group 2A consists of chemicals that are probably carcinogenic to humans. Group 2B consists of chemicals that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Group 3 consists of chemicals that are unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans. Group 4 consists of chemicals that are probably not carcinogenic to humans.
Immunotoxicity Toxicity of the immune system. It may take several forms: hypersensitivity (allergy and autoimmunity), immunodeficiency, and uncontrolled proliferation (leukemia and lymphoma).
In Vitro Outside a living organism (e.g., in a test tube).
In Vivo Occurring within a living organism.
Interactions Refers to measures of effects of simultaneous exposure to two or more substances. The four types of interactions are: additive, antagonistic, potentiation, or synergistic.
Irritation Local tissue reaction without involvement of an immunologic mechanism. It is a reversible inflammation.
Kilogram (kg) A measure of weight consisting of 1000 grams (103 g).
Latency Period The period of time between an exposure and onset of toxicity.
LD50 Lethal Dose 50%. The estimated dose at which 50% of the population is expected to die.
LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level. The lowest dose in a study in which there was an observed toxic or adverse effect.
Metabolism The conversion of a chemical from one form to another.
Metabolite A chemical produced when a substance is metabolized by a biological organism.
Mg/kg A commonly used dose that stands for mg of a substance per kg of body weight.
Microgram (ug) A commonly used unit of weight consisting of one millionth (1 x 10-6) of a gram.
Milligram (mg) The most commonly used unit of measure in medicine and toxicity consisting of one thousandth of a gram (1x10-3 g).
MSDS A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a fact sheet developed by manufacturers for all products that contain a chemical. MSDS's include brand-specific information such as physical data (solid, liquid, color, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and spill/leak procedures.
Nanogram (ng) A unit of weight consisting of one billionth of a gram (1 x 10-9 g).
Necrosis Death, usually referring to cell death.
Nephrotoxin A toxic agent or substance that inhibits, damages or destroys the cells and/or tissues of the kidneys.
Neurotoxin A toxic agent or substance that inhibits, damages or destroys the tissues of the nervous system, especially neurons, the conducting cells of your body's central nervous system. Neurotoxic effects can include behavior changes, seizures, as well as wide range of effects, including death.
NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and is the only federal Institute responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for prevention of work-related illnesses and injuries.
NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level. The highest dose in a toxicity study at which there were no toxic or adverse effects observed.
NTP The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is a unit of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that coordinates toxicology research and testing activities and provides information about potentially toxic chemicals to regulatory and research agencies and the public.
OSHA The U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, OSHA, is a federal agency in the U.S. Department of Labor that regulates workers? exposures to hazardous substances and requires manufacturers of products containing chemicals to develop an MSDS for each brand.
Oxidation A change in a chemical characterized by the loss of electrons.
Oxidizer An agent that adds oxygen chemically to a substance often by means of a series of reactions.
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to under OSHA regulations.
Percutaneous Movement through the skin.
Petroleum Distillate Petroleum distillates, also called hydrocarbons or petrochemicals, refer to a broad range of compounds that are extracted by distillation during the refining of crude oil. Petroleum distillates pose a special health risk if ingested and vomited. When swallowed, the lighter, more volatile distillate products can be sucked into the lungs interfering with the lung's functions and chemical pneumonia may result. Aspiration of fluid into the lungs can occur both during swallowing and vomiting of the product. Upon skin contact, petroleum distillates can produce local skin irritation and sensitivity to light in some individuals.
Pharmacokinetics Quantitation of the time course of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Pharmacology The science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects and uses of drugs.
Phototoxic The enhanced toxicity of a substance in or on the skin due to exposure to light (usually ultraviolet light).
Poison A substance capable of causing toxicity when absorbed into the body in a relatively small quantity.
PPB Parts per billion. The number of units of a substance in a billion units. PPB is a common concentration unit for dilute samples of dissolved substances or airborne substances.
PPM Parts per million - the number of units of a substance in a million units. PPM is a common concentration unit for dilute samples of dissolved substances or airborne substances. A solution with a concentration of 1 ppm has one gram of the substance for every million grams of solution.
Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary edema involves fluid accumulation and swelling in the lungs. It can be caused by direct lung injury from toxins including heat and poisonous gas, severe infection, or an excess of body fluid as seen in kidney failure.
Reproductive Toxicity Toxicity of the male or female reproductive system. Toxic effects may include damage to the reproductive organs or offspring.
Reproductive Toxin A reproductive toxin is a substance or agent that can cause adverse effects on the reproductive system. Exposure to reproductive toxins may cause one to become infertile or to have difficulty conceiving a child. Reproductive toxins may affect the parent, developing child (even after birth), or both.
Respiratory Toxicity Toxicity of the upper (nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea) or lower (bronchi, bronchioles, and lung alveoli) respiratory system.
Risk The probability that a hazard or effect will occur at a specific level of exposure.
Sensitization An immune capability developed following an individual's exposure to a specific antigen. Subsequent exposure results in an immune reaction.
Sensitizer A substance that causes an allergic immune response.
Solvent A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution.
Syncope Syncope, also known as fainting or swooning, is a temporary or brief suspension of consciousness due to deficiency of oxygen in the brain or sudden lowering of one's blood pressure.
Systemic toxin A toxin that affects the entire body or many organs.
Teratogen A compound that causes malformations in a developing fetus.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) A recommendation by the ACGIH for the highest level of exposure to a chemical that is safe.
Toxicant An agent that produces adverse effects when absorbed into the body.
Toxin A specific protein produced by certain plants, animals and microorganisms that is highly toxic to other organisms (snake venom).
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act. It is federal law regulating chemicals in the environment. It is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Vapor Pressure The pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapor. The higher the vapor pressure the higher the volatility.
VOC's Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure and easily form vapors at normal temperature and pressure. The term is generally applied to organic solvents certain paint additives, aerosol spray can propellants, fuels (such as gasoline, and kerosene), petroleum distillates, dry cleaning products and many other industrial and consumer products ranging from office supplies to building materials.
Volatility The ability of a substance to change from liquid or solid form to a gaseous form.
Frequently Asked Questions
Topics
1. Use of the database for poisoning emergencies
2. Contacting manufacturers of listed brands
3. Purchasing products and getting samples
4. Complaint about a product
5. Use of old products
6. Mixing of products
7. What is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?
8. Obtaining a copy of a MSDS for a product
9. CD or copy of the Household Products Database
10. Updating of the database
11. What is included in updating
12. Inclusion of all products of a manufacturer
13. Selection of products for the database and suggestions for additions
14. Currency of information in the database
15. Unable to find specific products in database
16. Sources of information on products
17. Drugs, food additives, and ingredients in packaged foods
18. Evaluation of information on products
19. Advice and information on use of chemicals in products
20. Recalled products
1. Can the Household Products Database be used in poisoning emergencies instead of calling a poison control center?
Answer: In a poisoning emergency, call 911. For emergency poisoning advice, telephone 1-800-222-1222 for national poison control center information. The purpose of the Household Products Database is to provide health and safety information on household products and their ingredients, not to provide therapeutic or clinical advice.
2. How do I contact the manufacturer of my product?
Answer: Contact information for the manufacturer may be obtained by entering the brand name in the Quick Search box on the Home Page of the database. This retrieves a list of products by brand names. Click on the brand name of your product to link to a page containing contact information on the manufacturer of your product.
3. Where can I buy the products included in the database? Could you please send me samples?
Answer: The purpose of the database is to provide you with health and safety information about household products and their ingredients. We do not distribute samples, sell products or keep information on which retailers carry the products. However, we do provide you with contact information for the manufacturers. Please contact the manufacturer (See Question #2) for information on retail stores near you that sell the products of your interest and on where to get samples.
4. What do I do if I have a complaint about a product?
Answer: Contact the manufacturer of the product. Manufacturer contact information is usually included on the product label. Contact information for manufacturers is also included in the Household Products Database and is verified periodically. See Question #2 on how to find manufacturer information in the database.
5. We have about two gallons of left-over deck stain that we bought about four years ago. Can we use this stain this spring?
Answer: Contact the product manufacturer regarding the useful life of this product and for advice. Contact information is included in the database. See Question #2 on how to find manufacturer information in the database.
6. I want to mix some of my cleaning products for more effectiveness. Where can I find information on which products can be mixed?
Answer: We do not provide information on using or combining products or chemicals in the database. However, since mixing chemicals or combining some products can be dangerous, we recommend that you read and heed the warnings and health effects on your product label.
7. What is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?
Answer: A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a fact sheet developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data (solid, liquid, color, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and spill/leak procedures. As required by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), the target audience for information in a MSDS is the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of the information is also relevant to consumers.
8. Can you send me Material Safety Data Sheets on products that I find in the database?
Answer: The National Library of Medicine does not distribute Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Requests for a MSDS should be sent to the brand's manufacturer. See Question #2 on how to find manufacturer information in the database.
9. Can I download the entire database or get a CD or electronic copy of the database?
Answer: No, the Household Products Database is copyrighted by DeLima Associates. Since NLM only has a license to make it available on the Web, copies cannot be provided to others.
10. How often is the database updated?
Answer: The database is updated at least twice a year.
11. What does an update involve?
Answer: Updates may involve adding or modifying manufacturer, brand, and MSDS information for a product. When product information has been modified, the date will be noted.
12. Do you list all products available from a manufacturer?
Answer: No, only some of the products of a manufacturer are included and we try to include many of the most popular brands.
13. How do you select products to be listed in the Household Products Database and do you accept suggestions for the addition of products or types of products for the database?
Answer: Products included in the database are selected by market share and shelf presence in retail stores. Yes, we accept suggestions for products to be included in the database. Suggested products should be within the content scope for the database.
14. How current is the information in the database?
Answer: The information in the Household Products Database was initially compiled in 1995. Since then, records have been updated by the contractor. A lag time may occur between the time when the product label or Material Safety Data Sheet is changed and when the information on a product in the database is updated. Hence, in situations when the most current information is needed, you are encouraged to directly check your product label or contact the manufacturer.
15. I can't find many of the products that I use around my home in the database, why?
Answer: The Household Products Database contains only a sample of products in the market place. There are over 7000 brands in the database. We will continually add new products.
16. Where does the information in this database come from?
Answer: The information in this database comes from the labels on the products, and from the manufacturers' Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
17. I can't find drugs or food additives. Is there any information on drugs or food additives in the database?
Answer: This database does not include information on drugs or food additives. Only non-food and non-pharmaceutical consumer products are in the database; for information relating to your question, check http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html and http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/default.htm for drugs; and http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/21cfrv3_01.html for food additives.
18. Does the National Library of Medicine evaluate the information provided on a product label or in a Material Safety Data Sheet?
Answer: No, the National Library of Medicine does not evaluate information on product labels or in Material Safety Data Sheets.
19. You give information on which chemicals are in the products included in the database, but I want information about other uses of these chemicals or their effectiveness. Where can I find this information?
Answer: We do not evaluate or give advice on the use of chemicals. For additional information on chemicals in the database, search other National Library of Medicine databases such as the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) or TOXLINE
20. How can I find out if a product has been recalled?
Answer: Visit our new Product Safety and Recall Lists, or contact the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the manufacturer of the product.
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Chemicals en español
Tox Town provides information in non-technical language on many well-known chemicals found in everyday locations. Chemical information is provided from the TOXNET and MedlinePlus resources of the National Library of Medicine, as well as other authoritative sources.
There are two versions of each neighborhood. Click on one of the neighborhoods pictured on the right -> to go to the graphic version of each neighborhood. Or click on the neighborhood name in the list on the left <- for a text version. The graphic version includes sounds, animation, and other special features. The content is identical for both versions.
For chemical information, click on one of the neighborhoods pictured on the right -> to go to the graphic version of each neighborhood. Then click on the 'All Chemicals' button for a list of over 30 chemicals. Or click on the left <- for a text version list.
Click on a chemical, like Arsenic or Carbon Monoxide, to see where it might be found in a neighborhood. There is a description for each chemical and links to basic information about how a chemical might affect one's health.
For more on Tox Town chemicals:
* About answers how chemicals are selected for Tox Town.
* Are these chemicals in MY community?
* Chemicals in Tox Town
o Acetone
o Ammonia
o Arsenic
o Asbestos
o Benzene
o Carbon Dioxide
o Carbon Monoxide
o Chlorine
o Chlorofluorocarbons
o Chromium
o Diesel
o Dioxins
o Ethylene Glycol
o Formaldehyde
o Gasoline
o Lead
o Mercury
o Natural Gas
o Nitrogen Oxides
o Ozone
o Particulate Matter
o Perchloroethylene
o Pesticides
o Phthalates
o Polychlorinated Biphenyls
o Propane
o Radon
o Solvents
o Sulfur Dioxide
o Toluene
o Volatile Organic Compounds
Last updated: August 02, 2007
A-Z Index
A - Z Index en español
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
For resources on this topic... Go to a Neighborhood OR Click on a link
A
A - Z Disasters & Health A - Z Disasters & Health
About Tox Town About
Acetone Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Acetone
Acid Rain Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides
AFOs - Animal Feeding Operations Farm Feeding Operation
Agricultural Runoff Farm Agricultural Runoff
Air Pollution Town Outdoor Air
Airplanes and Air Travel City Airplanes and Air Travel
Algae Blooms Port Algae Blooms
Alternative Fuels Town Vehicles
Ammonia Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Ammonia
Animal Bites Town Pets
Animal Waste Farm Animal Waste
Animals and Human Health Town Pets, Pests
Farm Farm Animals
Antifreeze Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Ethylene Glycol
Aquaculture Port Fish Farm
Arsenic Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Arsenic
Asbestos Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Asbestos
Asthma Triggers Town Homes, School, Pets, Outdoor Air
ASTs (aboveground storage tanks) Farm Chemical Storage Tank
ATVs - All-Terrain Vehicles Farm Off-road Vehicles
Auto Shop US-Mexico Border Auto Shop
Avian Influenza Farm Feeding Operation
B
Ballast Water Port Cruise Ship
Barn and Silo Farm Barn and Silo
Beach Port Beach
Benzene Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Benzene
Bilge Water Port Cruise Ship
Bioterrorism A - Z Disasters
Bird Flu Farm Feeding Operation
Boats, Recreational Port Marina and Boats
Border Crossing US-Mexico Border Border Crossing
Border, US-Mexico US-Mexico Border
Brown Tide Port Algae Blooms
Brownfield City Brownfield
C
CAFOs - Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Farm Feeding Operation
Camping Safety Town Park
Campus Environmental Health Town School
Carbon Dioxide Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Carbon Monoxide
Careers Careers in Environmental Health
Cargo Handling Port Shipping
Cattle Industry Farm Agricultural Runoff, Animal Waste, Farm Animals, Feeding Operation, Meat Processing
Cell Phones City Electromagnetic Fields
Cesspool Port Cesspool
Chemical Storage Tank Farm, Port Chemical Storage Tank
Chemical Weapons A - Z Disasters
Chicken Houses Farm Feeding Operation
Child Safety Town Homes, School, Park
Chlorine Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Chlorine
Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Chromium Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Chromium
City City
Classroom Activities For Teachers
Coastal Brownfield Port Coastal Brownfield
Coastal Waters Port Beach
Colonia US-Mexico Border Colonia
Construction City Construction
Cosmetics City Hair and Nail Salons, Pharmacy
Crop Fields US-Mexico Border, Farm Crop Fields
Crude Oil Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Diesel, Gasoline, Propane
Cruise Ship Port Cruise Ship
Cryptosporidiosis Town Drinking Water
Cyclones Port Storms and Floods
D
Dairy Industry Farm Agricultural Runoff, Animal Waste, Farm Animals, Feeding Operation
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Port Septic System
Dengue Town Pests
Dental Office and Lab City Dental Office and Lab
Diesel Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Diesel
Dietary Supplements City Pharmacy
Dioxins Dioxins
Dirt Bikes Farm Off-road Vehicles
Disasters, Man-Made A - Z Disasters
Disasters, Natural A - Z Disasters
Docks Port Marina and Boats, Shipping
Drinking Water Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Drinking Water
Drowning Port Beach
Drug Safety City Pharmacy
Drugs as pollutants Town Homes
Dry Cleaning Town Offices and Stores, Perchloroethylene
Dumps US-Mexico Border Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles
Farm Landfill
Dust Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Particulate Matter
US-Mexico Border Rural and Unpaved Roads
E
E Coli Infections US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Electromagnetic Fields City Electromagnetic Fields
Encephalitis Town Pests
Environmental Health Teachers For Teachers
Ergonomics City Construction, Factory, Offices and Stores
Farm Farm Environmental Health, Meat Processing
Español Tox Town en español
Ethylene Glycol Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Ethylene Glycol
Eye Injuries City Construction
F
Factory Town, City Factory
Farm Farm
Farm Animals Farm Farm Animals
Farm Environmental Health Farm Farm Environmental Health
Farm Equipment Farm Off-road Vehicles
Farm Pond Farm Farm Pond
Feeding Operation Farm Feeding Operation
Fire Safety Town Homes, School
Farm Barn and Silo
Fish Farm Port Fish Farm
Fish Waste Port Marina and Boats, Fish Farm
Floods Port Storms and Floods, A - Z Disasters
Food Allergy City Food Services
Food Contamination and Poisoning City Food Services
Port Shellfishing
Food Safety City Food Services
Food Services City Food Services
Formaldehyde Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Formaldehyde
Fossil Fuels Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane
Freight Handling Port Shipping
Fuel Economy Town Vehicles
Fuel Pipelines Port Fuel Pipelines
Fuels Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane
G
Gas Station US-Mexico Border Auto Shop
Gasoline Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Gasoline
Giardia Infections US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Greenhouse gases Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, Volatile Organic Compounds, Ozone
Groundwater Town Drinking Water
H
HABs - Harmful Algal Blooms Port Algae Blooms
Hair and Nail Salons City Hair and Nail Salons
Hair Salons City Hair and Nail Salons
Haz-Map Town Factory
Hazardous Substances Data Bank Town Factory
Hazardous Waste US-Mexico Border Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles
Farm Landfill
Healthcare Workers City Hospital, Pharmacy, Dental Office and Lab
Heat Illness Town Park
Hepatitis A US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Herbal Medicine City Pharmacy
Home Remodeling Town Homes
Homes Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Homes
Hospital City Hospital
Hospital Environmental Health City Hospital
Household Products Town Homes
Household Products Database Town Homes
Hurricanes Port Storms and Floods, A - Z Disasters
Hypothermia Town Park
I
Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles US-Mexico Border Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles
Indoor Air Pollution Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
Industrial Runoff Port Urban and Industrial Runoff
Industry Town Factory
Inhalants Town Homes
Insect Bites and Stings Town Pests
Integrated Pest Management Town Pests
J
K
L
Landfill Farm Landfill
Latex Allergy City Pharmacy
Lawn and Garden Equipment Farm Off-road Vehicles
Lead Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Lead
Listeria Infections US-Mexico Border Tienda
Livestock Farm Agricultural Runoff, Animal Waste, Farm Animals, Feeding Operation
Logging Farm Tree Farm and Logging
LUSTs (leaking underground storage tanks) Farm Chemical Storage Tank
Lyme Disease Town Pests
M
Malaria Town Pests
Manure Farm Animal Waste
Maquiladora US-Mexico Border Maquiladora
Marina and Boats Port Marina and Boats
Marine Animals and Organisms Port Algae Blooms, Beach
Marine Terminals, Warehouses Port Shipping
Marine Toxins Port Algae Blooms, Beach
Maritime Industry Port Shipping, Shipyard
Meat Processing Farm Meat Processing
Medical Device Safety City Pharmacy
Medical Waste City Hospital
Medicines City Pharmacy
Mercury Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Mercury
Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Gasoline
Mexico US-Mexico Border
Minerals (Dietary Supplements) City Pharmacy
Molds Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
Monkeypox Virus Infections Town Pets
Motor Vehicle Safety Town Vehicles
MTBE Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Gasoline
N
Nail Salons City Hair and Nail Salons
Natural Gas Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Natural Gas
Nitrogen Oxides Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Nitrogen Oxides
Noise City Airplanes and Air Travel, Construction, Factory
Nuclear Accident, Nuclear Disaster Port Nuclear Power Plant, A - Z Disasters
Nuclear Power Plant Port Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Waste Port Nuclear Power Plant
Nursing Home Environmental Health City Hospital
O
Occupational Health City Airplanes and Air Travel, Construction, Dental Office and Lab, Factory, Hair and Nail Salons, Hospital, Offices and Stores, Pharmacy
US-Mexico Border Crop Fields, Auto Shop
Farm Farm Animals, Meat Processing, Barn and Silo, Feeding Operation, Tree Farm and Logging
Port Cruise Ship, Fish Farm, Marina and Boats, Nuclear Power Plant, Shipping, Shipyard, Wastewater Treatment Facility
Occupational Health for Healthcare Workers City Hospital, Pharmacy, Dental Office and Lab
Oceans Port Beach
Off-road Vehicles Farm Off-road Vehicles
Offices and Stores Town, City, Port Offices and Stores
Oil Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Diesel, Gasoline, Propane
Oil Pipelines Port Fuel Pipelines
Oil Tanks Port Chemical Storage Tank
Onsite Wastewater Treatment Port Septic System
Outdoor Air Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Outdoor Air
Over-the-Counter Medicines City Pharmacy
Ozone Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Ozone
P
Parasitic Diseases Town Drinking Water, Pests, River
Farm Farm Animals
Port Shellfishing
Park Town, City, US-Mexico Border Park
Particulate Matter Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Particulate Matter
Perchloroethylene Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Perchloroethylene
Personal care products as pollutants Town Homes
Pest Control Town Pests
Pesticides Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Pesticides
Pests Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm Pests
Petroleum Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Diesel, Gasoline, Propane
Pets Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm Pets
Pfiesteria Infections Town River
Pharmaceuticals as pollutants Town Homes
Pharmacy City Pharmacy
Phthalates Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Phthalates
Pipelines Port Fuel Pipelines
Plague Town Pests
Playground Safety Town Park
Poison Ivy, Oak and Sumac Town Park
Poisoning Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
Polychlorinated Biphenyls Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Pork Industry Farm Agricultural Runoff, Animal Waste, Farm Animals, Feeding Operation, Meat Processing
Port Port
Portfields Port Coastal Brownfield
Poultry Industry Farm Agricultural Runoff, Animal Waste, Farm Animals, Feeding Operation, Meat Processing
Power Lines City Electromagnetic Fields
Power Plants Port Nuclear Power Plant
Promotional Materials Clip Art and Promotional Materials for Tox Town
Propane Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Propane
Q
R
Rabies Town Pets, Pests
Radiation Exposure Town Factory
Port Nuclear Power Plant
Radioactive Waste Port Nuclear Power Plant
Radon Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Radon
Rats Town Pests
Recreation Safety Town Park, River
Farm Farm Pond
Port Beach, Marina and Boats
Red Tide Port Algae Blooms
Restaurants City Food Services
Riptides Port Beach
River Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Port River
Roads US-Mexico Border Rural and Unpaved Roads
Runoff Farm Agricultural Runoff
Port Urban and Industrial Runoff
Rural and Unpaved Roads US-Mexico Border Rural and Unpaved Roads
Rural Health Farm
S
Salmonella Infections Town Pets
Sanitary Sewer Overflows US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
School Town, City School
School Bus Town, City School Bus
School Health Town School
Science Teachers For Teachers
Secondhand Smoke Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
Septic System Port Septic System
Sewage US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Sewage Treatment, Sewer Plant Port Wastewater Treatment Facility
Shed Farm Shed
Shellfish Poisoning Port Algae Blooms, Shellfishing
Shellfishing Port Shellfishing
Shipbreaking Port Shipyard
Shipbuilding, Repair Port Shipyard
Shipping Port Shipping
Ships Port Shipping, Cruise Ship
Shipyard Port Shipyard
Shore, Shoreline Port Beach
Sick Building Syndrome Town Offices and Stores
Silicosis City Construction
Silo Gas Farm Barn and Silo
Smoke Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Outdoor Air, Particulate Matter
US-Mexico Border Trash Burning
Snowmobiles Farm Off-road Vehicles
Solvents Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Solvents
Spanish Language Resources Tox Town en español
Sports Safety Town Park
Storage Sheds Farm Shed
Stores Town Offices and Stores
Storm Sewer Systems US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Storms Port Storms and Floods
Storms and Floods Port Storms and Floods
Stormwater and Sewage US-Mexico Border, Port Stormwater and Sewage
Suburban Sprawl Farm Urban Sprawl
Suburbs Town
Sulfur Dioxide Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Sulfur Dioxide
Sun Exposure Town Park
Surf, Surfing Port Beach
Swimming Port Beach
T
Tankers Port Shipping
Tanks, Chemical, Storage, Underground, Aboveground Farm Chemical Storage Tank
Tanning Port Beach
Teachers For Teachers
Tetrachloroethylene, Tetrachlorethylene Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Perchloroethylene
Thunderstorms Port Storms and Floods
Tick Bites Town Pets, Pests
Tienda US-Mexico Border Tienda
Tires US-Mexico Border Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles
Toluene Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Toluene
Town Town
Toxoplasmosis Town Pets
Trash Burning US-Mexico Border Trash Burning
Travelers Health City Airplanes and Air Travel
Port Cruise Ship
Tree Farm and Logging Farm Tree Farm and Logging
Trucking Industry Port Shipping, Vehicles
Trucks Town Vehicles
Tsunamis Port Storms and Floods
U
Ultraviolet Rays Port Beach
Unpaved Roads US-Mexico Border Rural and Unpaved Roads
Urban and Industrial Runoff Port Urban and Industrial Runoff
Urban Health City
Urban Sprawl Farm Urban Sprawl
USTs (underground storage tanks) Farm Chemical Storage Tank
V
Vehicles Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Vehicles
Vitamins and Minerals City Pharmacy
Volatile Organic Compounds Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Volatile Organic Compounds
W
Wastewater Port Stormwater and Sewage, Cesspool, Septic System, Wastewater Treatment Facility
Wastewater Treatment Facility Port Wastewater Treatment Facility
Water Quality Town Drinking Water, River
US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Farm Agricultural Runoff, Farm Pond, Urban Sprawl
Port Urban and Industrial Runoff
Water Safety (Recreational) Town River, Park
Farm Farm Pond
Port Beach, Marina and Boats
Watersheds Town River
Farm Agricultural Runoff
Port Urban and Industrial Runoff
Weather Port Storms and Floods, A - Z Disasters
West Nile Virus Town Pests
Wildfires Town Outdoor Air
Workplace Safety City Airplanes and Air Travel, Construction, Dental Office and Lab, Factory, Hair and Nail Salons, Hospital, Offices and Stores, Pharmacy
US-Mexico Border Auto Shop, Crop Fields
Farm Farm Animals, Meat Processing, Tree Farm and Logging, Barn and Silo, Feeding Operation
Port Cruise Ship, Fish Farm, Marina and Boats, Nuclear Power Plant, Shipping, Shipyard, Wastewater Treatment Facility
A-Z Disasters
A - Z Disasters & Health
Tox Town info on toxic chemicals and disaster health concerns
Health problems can follow hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters, as well as man-made disasters. See below for the A-Z Disasters & Health list of environmental health concerns that are included in Tox Town.
Tox Town provides basic, background information on toxic chemicals and environmental health risks and is suggested for students, educators, and the concerned public who want to learn more about these topics.
Links to in-depth information, compiled in response to Hurricane Katrina, are on the National Library of Medicine page, Hurricanes: Links to Health Information Including Toxicology and Environmental Health. Other Enviro-Health Links topics of interest include: Biological Warfare, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Health Effects from the Collapse of the World Trade Center
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides key health information for individuals, first responders, disaster workers, and health professionals on behalf of all federal agencies. CDC is the primary resource for up-to-the-minute disease, injury, prevention, and treatment information for disasters. Both homeowners and work crews can also benefit from CDC's vital safety information related to clean-up and rebuilding efforts following disasters. The CDC home page on Natural Disasters & Severe Weather links to info on earthquakes, tornadoes, wildfires and other natural disasters. The Emergency Preparedness and Response home page includes man-made disasters: Bioterrorism, Chemical Emergencies, Radiation Emergencies, and Mass Casualties.
Disasters - consumer health information from MedlinePlus
* Biodefense and Bioterrorism
* Coping with Disasters
* Chemical Weapons
* Disaster Preparation and Recovery
* Man-Made Disasters
* Natural Disasters
* Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Chemicals in the news: 2005 Hurricanes
Following the 2005 Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita disasters and flooding, there was much concern about what might be in the flood waters and the potential impact on people's health. Many toxic chemicals were named as possibilities. Tox Town has background information on some of these chemicals that were in the news.
See the Chemicals list in the neighborhoods: Town, City, Border, Farm, Port or click on the chemical name:
* Arsenic
* Asbestos
* Benzene
* Carbon Monoxide
* Chromium
* Diesel
* Gasoline
* Lead
* Natural Gas
* Pesticides
* Phthalates
* Propane
* Solvents
Environmental health concerns related to natural disasters
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
For resources on this topic... Go to a Neighborhood OR Click on a link
A
Air Pollution Town Outdoor Air
Animal Bites Town Pets
Animal Waste Farm Animal Waste
Animals and Human Health Town Pets, Pests
Farm Farm Animals
Asthma Triggers Town Homes, School, Pets, Outdoor Air
B
C
Construction City Construction
Cryptosporidiosis Town Drinking Water
D
Drinking Water Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Drinking Water
Drowning Port Beach
Dumps US-Mexico Border Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles
Farm Landfill
E
E Coli Infections US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
F
Fire Safety Town Homes, School
Farm Barn and Silo
Floods Port Storms and Floods, A - Z Disasters
Food Contamination and Poisoning City Food Services
Port Shellfishing
Food Safety City Food Services
G
Giardia Infections US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
H
Hazardous Waste US-Mexico Border Illegal Dumps and Tire Piles
Farm Landfill
Heat Illness Town Park
Hepatitis A US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Home Remodeling Town Homes
Homes Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Homes
Household Products Town Homes
Hurricanes Port Storms and Floods, A - Z Disasters
Hypothermia Town Park
I
Indoor Air Pollution Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
Insect Bites and Stings Town Pests
J
K
L
M
Molds Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
N
Nuclear Power Plant Port Nuclear Power Plant
O
Occupational Health City Airplanes and Air Travel, Construction, Dental Office and Lab, Factory, Hair and Nail Salons, Hospital, Offices and Stores, Pharmacy
US-Mexico Border Crop Fields, Auto Shop
Farm Farm Animals, Meat Processing, Barn and Silo, Feeding Operation, Tree Farm and Logging
Port Cruise Ship, Fish Farm, Marina and Boats, Nuclear Power Plant, Shipping, Shipyard, Wastewater Treatment Facility
Occupational Health for Healthcare Workers City Hospital, Pharmacy, Dental Office and Lab
Outdoor Air Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Outdoor Air
P
Parasitic Diseases Town Drinking Water, Pests, River
Farm Farm Animals
Port Shellfishing
Particulate Matter Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Particulate Matter
Pest Control Town Pests
Pets Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm Pets
Poisoning Town Homes, Offices and Stores, School
Q
R
Rabies Town Pets, Pests
Radiation Exposure Town Factory
Port Nuclear Power Plant
Radioactive Waste Port Nuclear Power Plant
Rats Town Pests
S
Salmonella Infections Town Pets
Sanitary Sewer Overflows US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
School Health Town School
Sewage US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Sewage Treatment, Sewer Plant Port Wastewater Treatment Facility
Smoke Town, City, US-Mexico Border, Farm, Port Outdoor Air, Particulate Matter
US-Mexico Border Trash Burning
Storms Port Storms and Floods
Sun Exposure Town Park
T
Tick Bites Town Pets, Pests
Toxoplasmosis Town Pets
U
V
W
Wastewater Port Stormwater and Sewage, Cesspool, Septic System, Wastewater Treatment Facility
Water Quality Town Drinking Water, River
US-Mexico Border Stormwater and Sewage
Farm Agricultural Runoff, Farm Pond, Urban Sprawl
Port Urban and Industrial Runoff
West Nile Virus Town Pests
Workplace Safety City Airplanes and Air Travel, Construction, Dental Office and Lab, Factory, Hair and Nail Salons, Hospital, Offices and Stores, Pharmacy
US-Mexico Border Auto Shop, Crop Fields
Farm Farm Animals, Meat Processing, Tree Farm and Logging, Barn and Silo, Feeding Operation
Port Cruise Ship, Fish Farm, Marina and Boats, Nuclear Power Plant, Shipping, Shipyard, Wastewater Treatment Facility
X
Y
Z
Last updated: August 02, 2007
For Teachers
For Teachers
The teacher pages provide activities and resources you can use with your class to stimulate learning about environmental health issues. You will find:
* Introduction
* Classroom Activities
* Interactive Resources
* Careers in Environmental Health, Chemistry, and Toxicology
* More Resources
Introduction
Tox Town helps students and teachers learn about environmental health concerns and toxic chemicals pictured in an imaginary
* City
* Farm
* Town
* US-Mexico Border
* Port
Tox Town includes a text version and some Spanish-language resources.
Within each neighborhood, students can click on a location or environmental health concern, like drinking water, to find what chemicals might be in their drinking water. Tox Town also links to selected web resources about drinking water. Or students can click on toxic chemicals to learn, for example,
* What is arsenic?
* How might I be exposed to asbestos?
* How can carbon monoxide affect my health?
Tox Town's target audience is high school and college students, educators and the concerned public. Descriptions of chemicals and of environmental health concerns written for Tox Town score within grade 9-12 reading levels on the Flesch-Kincaid readability scale. Links to other web resources have not been scored.
Tools to help you get the most out of Tox Town include:
* Earth Day suggested classroom enrichmentPDF Icon on human health and the environment, pollution, and toxic chemicals
* Tox Town - A Resource for Teachers and Students. 27 PowerPoint slides with scriptPDF Icon introducing Tox Town.
* Introduction to Tox Town video and transcriptPDF Icon. The 2-minute video file is 20 megabytes and uses Windows Media Player.
* Resources for Science Teachers - Classroom Resources from the National Library of Medicine. 38 PowerPoint slides with scriptPDF Icon introducing NLM web resources useful in Biology, Chemistry, Genetics, Earth Science, and Environmental Science courses. Also includes resources on the history of medicine, information on health careers, and Spanish-language resources. "Resources" is also available as a handoutPDF Icon.
* A-Z Index
* Site Map
* Clip Art and Promotional Materials
[Top]
Why use Tox Town in the classroom?
* Students develop an understanding of the relationship between human health and the environment
* Fun and interesting to use, particularly when students find information relevant to their own communities
* Easily accessed over the Internet: no fees, no registration, no advertising
* Can be used in curricula that meet state standards in both Science and other subjects: Reading, Social Studies, Technology, Spanish, English
National Curriculum Standards
Some states have specific environmental education standards, or an entire course with specific standards about the environment. This list shows states with relevant standards and links to the text of the standards. Using Tox Town in the classroom or as a homework resource may help meet these environmental education standards. It may also be useful in meeting standards for general Science and many other subjects.
For Teachers - Classroom Activities and Discussion Questions
* Introduction
* Classroom Activities
* Interactive Resources
* Careers in Environmental Health, Chemistry, and Toxicology
* More Resources
Activities and Discussion Questions
Environmental Health Education
Tox Town and other National Library of Medicine resources can help with student-friendly information on human health and the environment, plus pollution and toxic chemicals. You can also find information on global climate change, this year's Earth Day theme celebrated April 22, 2007. Students can learn about their school's indoor air quality and environment, toxic chemicals in homes and communities, and the impact of the environment on the quality of drinking water or outdoor air.
Please let us know about activities that work well in your classroom so we can share them with other teachers. Send your comments and ideas to tehip@teh.nlm.nih.gov.
NLM Online: Your Health and the Environment
Online resources about your health and the environment for teachers and students at the high school and college level. These are the web sites used in the activities below:
* ChemIDplus
* Haz-Map
* Hazardous Substances Data Bank
* Household Products Database
* MedlinePlus
* PubMed
* TOXMAP
* Tox Town
* webWISER
Raising Environmental Health Awareness
US - Mexico Border
* Print and photocopy one or more of the location scenes on the Clip Art page and pass out to students.
* Ask students to circle the places on the scene where they might encounter environmental health concerns and give examples of what they think they might find. List specific risks that those problem areas might pose, for example the river might be polluted, the school chem lab might store toxic chemicals or trucks may be spewing exhaust.
* Then give the students time to explore Tox Town. Students can compare the concerns circled on paper with those they find illustrated in Tox Town.
* Ask students to choose one environmental health concern from the scene and write 2-3 paragraphs about the possible effects of that concern on people's health.
* For higher level thinking, students can predict what risks might exist in their own community (that match the scene) and where. Students could also check local government resources, newspapers, and environmental groups to learn about and verify local concerns.
[Top]
Exploring Tox Town
Assign one question to each student or team and ask them to find answers using Tox Town. Students then read their question aloud, describe how they found the information and share their findings with the class. Some possible answers are included below.
1. Find two possible health concerns in a school. What health concerns, if any, have you noticed at your school?
Answer: Go to Town or City and click on School for links about mercury, lead in drinking water, molds, pesticides.
2. How can my dog affect my health?
Answer: Go to Town, City, or U.S.-Mexico border, click on the dogs or cats for info on rabies, diseases from fleas and ticks, parasites, pesticides.
3. You're planning to buy a new car. What do you need to consider when looking for a car that is less polluting than some others might be?
Answer: Consider low emissions and good fuel economy when buying a car. Go to any scene and click on Vehicles. Click on the "Fuel Economy Guide" and select Energy Impact Score. Enter the year, make, and model of a car to learn the annual gas consumption, carbon footprint, and air pollution score. You can also select "Green Vehicle Guide" from the list of resources under Vehicles, and enter the year, make, and model of a car to learn about the air pollution score and the greenhouse gas score. Air pollution and greenhouse gas scores range from 0 to 10, where 10 is the best score possible.
4. Swimming pools are clean, aren't they? Find information on your health and swimming pools.
Answer: Go to the Port scene and click on Beach for information on swimming and health. Pool water should not be swallowed. Children should take frequent bathroom breaks, babies should not swim with diapers, and people who have diarrhea should not go swimming as bacteria can be passed into the swimming pool. When swimmers swallow pool water, they can get sick. Chlorine does not work immediately and a few germs, such as Cryptosporidium, can live in pools for days.
5. Cell phones - how can they affect my health?
Answer: Go to City and click on Electromagnetic Fields. Some people are concerned that cell phones can cause brain cancer. Many studies have not supported that hypothesis. Some recent studies are the first to raise concerns about an increased risk of brain cancer related to cell phone use over a long period of time. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is reviewing studies on this topic. See http://www.fda.gov/cellphones/braincancer040606.html.
6. Is mercury a problem in hospitals?
Answer: Go to City, click on Hospital, and click on Chemicals in Hospitals. Mercury can be found in medical equipment, such as thermometers, and blood pressure cuffs, but many hospitals are phasing out mercury-containing equipment.
7. I never heard of toluene. Why would teens be concerned about products with toluene?
Answer: Go to any scene, click on All Chemicals and click on Toluene.
Toluene is found in nail polish remover, hair spray, gasoline, antifreeze, paint, paint thinner, glue and other common products. Deliberately sniffing or huffing these products to get high cuts oxygen supply to the brain and can even result in death.
8. My skin is dark. Why do I need to be concerned about tanning and burning? Will the sun have any health effects on me?
Answer: Go to City, Town, U.S.-Mexico border, click on Park and click on Sun Exposure. Everyone is at risk of sun damage but people with lighter skin who burn easily and tan minimally are at higher risk. Deeply pigmented darker skin is less sensitive to sun exposure than lighter skin. Burning or tanning depends on a number of factors, including skin type, time of year, and amount of sun exposure received. Exposure to UV rays is the primary environmental factor in the development of skin cancer.
9. I just caught some fish in a nearby lake, but a neighbor said the fish might be full of mercury. How do I know if it's okay to eat the fish?
Answer: Go to any scene, click on All Chemicals and then click on Mercury. Fish absorb mercury from water through their gills as they feed on aquatic organisms, and mercury binds to the fish tissue. Cleaning or cooking fish does not remove mercury. Fish caught in waters with known high levels of mercury contain elevated levels of mercury. Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to high levels of mercury. Fish and shellfish are an important part of a healthy diet. Fish low in mercury include: shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.
10. My house was flooded last year, and I still have mold in my house that looks like it covers about 40 square feet. How can I clean it up by myself?
Answer: Go to City or Town, click on Homes and click on Molds. Failure to remove materials contaminated by mold can lead to long-term health risks, including disease and allergies. If the home is contaminated with mold covering more than 25 square feet, a professional contractor should be consulted.
11. My science teacher wants me to do an Earth Day project on local brownfields and what we can do to clean them up. What's wrong with a brownfield?
Answer: Go to City and click on Brownfields. Brownfields are property that once was used for industrial or commercial purposes that is now targeted for redevelopment. Brownfields can be abandoned factories, gas stations, or other businesses using polluted substances. Brownfields need to be cleaned up and determined to be safe from pollutants before they can be reused as housing, retail stores, and parks. For information on Coastal Brownfields, brownfields in port and harbor areas, go to the Port and click on Coastal Brownfield.
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What does carbon dioxide have to do with global warming?
Carbon dioxide has been in the news as a "greenhouse gas" partly responsible for global warming. Students can learn about carbon dioxide, list possible sources of carbon dioxide emissions, both natural and man-made, and share these lists with classmates to encourage classroom discussion. Based on the classroom discussion, students can suggest possible ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
RESOURCES
* Tox Town. Find information on carbon dioxide and its possible sources.
How safe is this beach?
Sometimes the local beach doesn't smell right, dead fish wash up occasionally, and there's lots of seaweed-looking growth on the water surface. Is it safe to swim there?
RESOURCES
* Tox Town. Go to the Port neighborhood and explore the beach location. Go to the link Find Your Beach and type in the name of the beach in which you are interested. If there's no information about a beach, try your state resources.
* MedlinePlus. Go to Water Pollution, and Water Safety pages for information.
How does the beginning of the school year affect students with asthma?
In some schools, more students with asthma are absent in September and October than in other months. Ask students to find the causes, signs, and symptoms of asthma. How do kids with asthma manage their health? Based on their findings, students can suggest possible explanations for the higher number of asthma-related absences at the start of the school year. Students can share their results in a poster, paper, or class discussion.
The answer: Students may have more problems with their asthma at the beginning of the school year because they are catching colds and flu from other students. They may also have problems because they are now spending their day in school buildings that might have poor air quality. Fall allergies can contribute to asthma problems as well. This is a complex issue and the cause may be due to one or a combination of influences. See the articles listed in the section on PubMed (below) for research on this topic.
RESOURCES
* MedlinePlus. Topic pages in both English and Spanish on
Asthma; Asma.
Asthma in Children; Asma en niños.
Indoor Air Pollution; Contaminación de interiores.
School Health; Salud escolar.
Interactive tutorial on asthma; Asma: Tutorial Interactivo.
* Tox Town. Go to the Town and click on the School to learn about the school environment. Click on Healthy Schools to get to a link on Managing Asthma in Schools.
* PubMed. For more on asthma and schools, check out the latest research articles.
- Recent articles on air quality in schools.
- Effect of Weed Pollen on Children's Hospital Admissions for Asthma during the Fall Season.
- Relationship of Fall School Opening and Emergency Department Asthma Visits in a Large Metropolitan Area.
- September Epidemic of Asthma Hospitalization: School Children as Disease Vectors.
- Environmental Allergens and Asthma in Urban Elementary Schools.
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How can toxic chemicals, like toluene, in industrial landfills affect a community?
A citizen's group in a small town is concerned about toluene exposure from an abandoned industrial landfill outside the town. A committee is formed to investigate the possible causes and health effects on the community. Acting as concerned citizens, students can create a presentation for their local government identifying possible sources of the toluene and reviewing possible health risks to the community from exposure. Students can explain the difference between illegal dumps and sanitary landfills. Students can also check their own zip codes or region in TOXMAP to find out more about industrial chemicals in their own communities.
RESOURCES
* Tox Town. Go to the Farm neighborhood and click on the landfill. Also check out the illegal dump in the US-Mexico Border scene. Go to a Tox Town neighborhood, click on All Chemicals, and choose toluene.
* TOXMAP Search on "toluene" to create a map showing industries in the United States that release toluene in the air, water or soil. Search by zip code, city or state to find industrial chemicals in your region.
* Household Products Database. Find common household products containing toluene.
* Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Find information for health professionals on the health effects of toluene.
* PubMed.
Why do firefighters care about benzene?
A recent spill at a chemical plant exposed a number of rescue workers to benzene fumes while they were rescuing plant employees. Several were overcome by the fumes, but quickly recovered. To prevent future incidents, the fire chief formed a task force of first responders (firefighters, emergency medical technicians, haz-mat) and public health officials to report on benzene exposure. Playing the roles of task force members, students can compile information on human health effects associated with benzene exposure and examples of industries that use benzene. Student-task force members can make recommendations on how to prepare for the next incident and recommendations on best sources for chemical hazard information by referring to the same sources the professionals use.
RESOURCES
* Tox Town. Go to any neighborhood scene, click on All Chemicals, and click on benzene for basic information.
* WISER (on the web at "WebWISER"). This resource is used every day in emergencies around the country. Students can go to the "substance list" to find benzene. Or check out "help identify," where first responders determine what a 'mystery' chemical might be, based on how the chemical acts and how people react to it
* Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Find information on possible health risks of benzene. From the table of contents on the left, you can choose Human Health Effects, or scroll down to Chemical Safety & Handling which includes Fire Potential, Fire Fighting Procedures and Firefighting Hazards.
* Haz-Map. Find information on health problems of workers exposed to benzene. Search on "firefighting" to find other chemical hazards of concern to firefighters.
* TOXMAP. Map U.S. locations where benzene is found. Is benzene released in your neighborhood?
* ChemIDplus. Chemical structure and properties of benzene.
For Teachers - Interactive and Illustrated Resources
* Introduction
* Classroom Activities
* Interactive Resources
* Careers in Environmental Health, Chemistry, and Toxicology
* More Resources
If you like the look of Tox Town, you may want to explore similar resources listed below. These resources are included throughout Tox Town and students will come across them as they explore. Theyre also listed here to make them easy for you to find. They may appeal to students because they are interactive and illustrated and include graphic features like maps or cut-away views. They range in age level from middle school to high school, college, and graduate school.
* Acid Rain Students Site (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Air Defenders (Wisconsin Environmental Health Association)
* Air Info Now Activities: Recipe for Ozone; Lung Attack; CO City (University of Arizona)
* Environmental Virtual Campus (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
* Green Squad (Natural Resources Defense Council)
* Hazardous Products in the Home (Purdue University)
* Hazardous Waste Management on the Farm (Purdue University)
* Healthehouse (Children’s Health Environmental Coalition)
* Hospital eTool (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
* Learn About Chemicals Around Your House (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Logging eTool (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
* Nursing Home eTool (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
* On the Trail of the Missing Ozone: The Causes, Effects, and Solutions to Ozone Depletion (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Planet Protectors (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Poultry Processing Industry eTool (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
* RadTown USA (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Shipyard Employment eTool (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
* Smog City (Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District)
* Sunwise Kids (Environmental Protection Agency)
* TOXMAP: Environmental Health e-Maps (National Library of Medicine)
* ToxMystery (National Library of Medicine)
o ToxMystery Handout PDF Icon
* Unsolved Mysteries of Human Health: How Scientists Study Toxic Chemicals (Oregon State University, Environmental Health Sciences Center)
* Virtual Garage (Purdue University)
* Virtual Repair Shop (Coordinating Committee for Automotive Repair)
* XRT: eXtraordinary Road Trip (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). Order free computer program. Many supplemental resources also online.
* Youth in Agriculture eTool (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
Last updated: October 15, 2007
For Teachers - More Resources for Teachers
* Introduction
* Classroom Activities
* Interactive Resources
* Careers in Environmental Health, Chemistry, and Toxicology
* More Resources
Web Sites for Teachers: Curricula, Lesson Plans, Educational Resources
* Air Now - For Teachers (Environmental Protection Agency)
* AMBIENT: Atmospheric and Marine-Based Interdisciplinary Environmental Health Training (University of Miami)
* Chemicals and Human Health (University of Arizona)
* Chemicals, the Environment, and You (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences)
* Curriculum, Lesson Plans, and Activities (Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona)
* EcoHealth (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health)
* EnviroHealth Connections (Maryland Public Television and Johns Hopkins University Center for Technology in Education)
* Environmental Health Perspectives Student Edition and Lessons (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences)
* Environmental Health Science Education (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences)
* High School Environmental Center (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Hydroville curriculum (Oregon State University, Environmental Health Sciences Center) Requires free registration. Some materials also for sale.
* My Environment, My Health, My Choices (University of Rochester) Requires free registration.
* Office of Science Education (National Institutes of Health)
* Planet Diary (Pearson Education, Inc.)
* Resources for Science Teachers: Biology, Chemistry, Genetics, Health, Careers, Spanish-Language Resources (National Library of Medicine)PDF Icon
* Superfund for Students and Teachers (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Teaching Center with section on human health (Environmental Protection Agency)
* Toxicology in K-12 Education (Society of Toxicology)
* TOXMAP: Resources for Teachers (National Library of Medicine)
* Wastes: Educational Resources for Teachers (Environmental Protection Agency)
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Textbooks and Resource Materials
The following textbooks may be useful to you as you teach environmental health topics to your students. Use Tox Town to complement the information provided in relevant chapters and stimulate students to explore environmental health issues on their own.
Environmental Science Textbooks:
* Arms, K. Environmental Science. Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2008.
Specifically designed for high school students, this textbook examines topics related to water, air, land, climate change, and waste. A chapter is devoted to the environment and human health.
* Botkin, D.B. and Keller, E.A., Environmental Science. 6th Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2007.
Tox Town complements information presented on: agriculture and the environment, environmental health, toxicology, fossil fuels and the environment, water and water pollution, and air pollution. A new chapter focusing on natural disasters includes tsunamis, hurricanes, and global warming.
* Braus, J. and St. Antoine, S. Environmental Science. Minnesota: Pearson AGS Globe. 2007.
This textbook provides students with an opportunity to learn about the natural environment. Topics include: effects of nuclear radiation and nuclear waste (chapter 7); water pollution and illnesses caused by water pollution (chapter 8); air pollution, climate change, and the greenhouse effect (chapter 9); and solid and hazardous waste (chapter 10). Each chapter has a section on environmental issues in the world and one such section discusses integrated pest management (chapter 3).
* Christensen, J. W., Christensen, T. L. Global Science: Energy, Resources, Environment. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 2006.
This textbook includes chapters focusing on ecosystems (chapter 14); population growth (chapter 5); integrated pest management and pesticide application with simulation activities (chapter 6); nuclear fuels and benefits and problems of radiation (chapter 10); water pollution and wastewater treatment (chapter 13); air quality, air pollution, climate change and the greenhouse effect (chapter 14); and waste management (chapter 15). Activity links to NSTA's (National Science Teachers Association) SciLinks are printed in the margins of the text. A teacher's guide is also available.
* Miller, Jr., G. T. Environmental Science. Working with the Earth. 11th Edition. Kentucky: Cengage Learning. 2006.
Described as a concise textbook appropriate for a one-semester AP or college prep course, this book includes environmental health related content.
* Miller, Jr., G. T. Living in the Environment. 15th Edition. Kentucky: Cengage Learning. 2007.
This textbook presents information on: food and soil (chapter 14); water and water pollution (chapters 15, 22); toxicology and human health (chapter 19); air pollution (chapter 20); climate, climate change, and ozone loss (chapters 6, 21).
* Raven, P.H. and Berg, L.R. Environment. 5th Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2006.
Tox Town complements information on: human health and environmental toxicology (chapter 7); the urban world (chapter 10); fossil fuels (chapter 11); water (chapter 14); agriculture (chapter 19); air pollution (chapter 20); water pollution (chapter 22); pesticides (chapter 23); and solid and hazardous wastes (chapter 24).
* Schachter, M. Environmental Science. Revised Edition. New York: AMSCO School Publications, Inc. 2005.
The chapter on Earth's resources, chapter 26, includes a section on environmental contamination and environmental health issues. Other chapters examine: harmful effects of water pollution, water quality, and environmental contamination and human diseases and disorders resulting from water pollution (chapters 27 and 28); air quality, air pollution, and causes of global warming and ways in which air pollution affects human health (chapters 29 and 30); and nuclear energy and a discussion of the incidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl (chapter 34). The chapter on the exploding population growth includes a brief discussion of environmental hazards (chapter 38).
* Withgott, B. Environment: The Science Behind the Stories. 2nd Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007.
Case studies in this AP textbook highlight real life situations as they pertain to environmental issues.
* Wright, R.G. Survive! An Event-Based Science Module. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.
Animals and adaptation are the focus of this module. After presenting news coverage about deformed frogs, students assume the roles of scientists studying animals on an island. The effects of environmental changes on the animal populations are studied. Teachers can encourage subsequent discussions on environmental changes and how these changes affect the human population. Tox Town is an excellent companion to these modules as the collection of resources presented in each is not meant to be complete. Students are encouraged to find additional information from other sources.
* Wright, R.G. Hurricane. An Event-Based Science Module. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.
Focusing on meteorology, this instructional module presents information about a real hurricane and enables students to use their knowledge about hurricanes as they take on the roles of professionals.
* Wright, R.G. Oil Spill. An Event-Based Science Module. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.
This module is an oceanography unit that focuses on the coverage of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Students take on the roles of the professionals involved in solving the real-life problems related to the oil spill.
* Wright, R.G. Toxic Leak! An Event-Based Science Module. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.
News coverage on gasoline leaks in North Carolina is the focus of this module. Students take on the roles of professionals in solving the problems associated with toxic chemicals and groundwater.
* Wright, R. and Nebel, B. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future. 10th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2008.
This environmental science textbook addresses the current status of human interactions with the environment.
Biology
* Alters, S. and Alters, B. Biology: Understanding Life. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing. 2006.
Students learn about important concepts in biology in this textbook, which includes a chapter on what threatens the health of the biosphere.
* Oram, R. F. Biology: Living Systems. New York: Glencoe Division, McGraw Hill Company. 2003.
This biology textbook includes a chapter on humans and the environment.
* Postlethwaite, J.H. and Hopson, J.L. Modern Biology. Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2006.
Emphasis is placed on the importance of using science knowledge to make future societal decisions. The ecology unit includes a chapter on humans and the environment.
* Pruitt, N. L. and Underwood, L.S. BioInquiry: Making Connections in Biology. 3rd Edition. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing. 2006.
Using multimedia tools, this textbook allows students to learn about biology in the same timeline in which scientists have begun to understand biology. Included is a chapter on how human activities affect the environment.
* Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J. and Singer, S. Biology. 7th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2005.
This biology textbook emphasizes natural selection and the evolutionary process and includes a chapter on ecosystems.
* Starr, C. and Taggart, R. The Unity and Diversity of Life. 11th Edition. Kentucky: Cengage Learning. 2007.
This AP biology textbook presents key concepts of human biology. Real-life examples and hot issues, including population growth issues, are interspersed throughout the text.
Earth Science, Ecology, and Geology Textbooks:
* Keller, E. A. and Blodgett, R. H. Natural Hazards: Earth's Processes as Hazards, Disasters, and Catastrophes. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2006.
This textbook focuses on natural hazards and includes in-depth case studies.
Forensic Science Textbooks:
* Deslich, B. and Funkhouser, J. Forensic Science for High School. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 2006.
This textbook introduces the field of forensic science and the various components of forensic study, including toxicology. The chapter on toxicology, chapter 8, discusses the history of poisons, elements of toxicology, and measuring toxicity. The topic of lead poisoning is introduced and followed by laboratory activities for students to further learn about lead and sources of lead in the everyday environment.
Health Textbooks:
* Life Skills Health. Revised Edition. Minnesota: Pearson AGS Globe. 2006.
Students learn about a variety of health issues in this textbook, which includes a chapter devoted to environmental health issues.
* Pacemaker Health. Minnesota: Pearson AGS Globe. 2005.
This health textbook covers a number of essential health issues and includes a chapter on healthy communities.
* Pruitt, B. E. Allegrante, J. P. and Prothrow-Stith, D. Health. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice-Hall. 2007.
Tox Town complements chapter 25, A Healthy Community and Environment, and chapter 26, Preventing Injuries. These chapters include information about protecting air, water and land quality; working for community health; safety at home, work and play; analyzing risks and benefits; and motor vehicle safety. Chapter 24 also has a section on public health.
Suggested Reading List:
* Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1962.
In this classic book, often credited as responsible for the beginning of the modern environmental movement, Rachel Carson attempts to awaken people to the dangers of toxic pollutants in our environment.
Dictionaries/Glossaries:
* Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms (Environmental Protection Agency)
Clip Art & Promotional Materials for Tox Town
Audio and Video
Brochures and Handouts
Posters
Slide Shows - PowerPoint
Clip Art for Port, Farm, US-Mexico Border, Town and City
For more information on promotional materials, please contact Customer Service: tehip@teh.nlm.nih.gov
Audio and Video
Short audio clip with transcript from the Voice of America broadcasting service at http://www.voanews.com/english/Science/2006-08-25-voa1.cfm. The broadcast features Marti Szczur, Deputy Associate Director of Specialized Information Services, introducing Tox Town.
2-minute video overview of Tox Town and its features. 20 MB. Uses Windows Media Player. TranscriptPDF Icon available.
Brochures and Handouts - You are welcome to print and distribute these items.
Tox Town color brochurePDF Icon, double-sided.
Tox Town Fact Sheet, color handout, one page, double-sided.
Your Health and the Environment: Earth Day Classroom Enrichment from the National Library of MedicinePDF Icon. Color handout, one page, double-sided.
Resources for Science Teachers: Classroom Resources from the National Library of MedicinePDF Icon. Highlights Tox Town. Color handout, one page, double-sided.
Do You Know About Health Hazards in Your Environment? / Nuevo recursos en español de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina Color handout, one page double-sided. Advertises two resources from the National Library of Medicine that are available in both English and Spanish - Tox Town/Tox Town en español and ToxMystery. Please contact us at tehip@teh.nlm.nih.gov if you are interested in receiving a limited quantity of these handouts.
Posters
A Tox Town posterPDF Icon, 4 by 6 feet, is available for loan and can be used for exhibits and health fairs on request to tehip@teh.nlm.nih.gov. This poster can also be printed in color in an 11 by 17 inch sizePDF Icon.
Slide Shows - PowerPoint
Tox Town - A Resource for Teachers and Students. 27 slides with scriptPDF Icon introducing Tox Town.
Resources for Science Teachers - Classroom Resources from the National Library of Medicine. 38 slides with scriptPDF Icon introducing NLM web resources useful in Biology, Chemistry, Genetics, Earth Science, and Environmental Science courses. Also includes resources on the history of medicine and information on health careers. Some resources are in Spanish.
Clip Art
Port
Farm
US-Mexico Border
Town and City
What's New
Site Map
About Tox Town
Tox Town Fact Sheet
Tox Town is designed to give you information on:
* everyday locations where you might find toxic chemicals
* non-technical descriptions of chemicals
* links to selected, authoritative chemical information on the Internet
* how the environment can impact human health
* Internet resources on environmental health topics
Tox Town uses color, graphics, sounds and animation to add interest to learning about connections between chemicals, the environment, and the public's health. Tox Town's target audience is students above elementary-school level, educators, and the general public. It is a companion to the extensive information in the TOXNET collection of databases that are typically used by toxicologists and health professionals.
You can explore Tox Town by selecting Neighborhoods, Location links or Chemical links.
* The City, Town, US-Mexico Border, Farm or Port neighborhoods give an overview of environmental health concerns in those settings. Some concerns are repeated in every scene, like Drinking Water, but others are unique to a setting, like Brownfields in the City. To see all the environmental health concerns included in Tox Town, you will need to look at each Scene or use the Site Map.
* Locations give selected Internet resources about a location's environment and possible effects on human health. Toxic chemicals that might be found in a location are also listed. Some buildings display an interior view.
* Chemicals are described in non-technical language supplemented with Internet links about a chemical and its possible impact on human health.
Information on chemical and environmental concerns is from the TOXNET and MedlinePlus resources of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), as well as other authoritative sources. Selection guidelines (based on MedlinePlus) are used in evaluating links to web pages. The chemical descriptions (example - "What is arsenic?") were written for Tox Town based on TOXNET and other resources and were reviewed by NLM toxicology staff.
Tox Town also offers some resources in Spanish (http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/espanol/), and has a text version (http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/).
Chemicals included in Tox Town meet the following criteria:
* Toxic (or perceived toxicity of interest to general public)
* Commonly encountered in the United States
* Known or expected to impact human health
* Of interest to federal agencies that regulate, research, or advise on a chemical's health effects. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry are examples of federal agencies concerned about toxic chemicals.
Chemicals or substances that are voluntarily ingested, such as drugs, dietary supplements, or caffeine, are not included.
Tox Town is a project of the Specialized Information Services Division of the National Library of Medicine and was launched in October, 2002. Future plans include the addition of more chemicals and the design of different types of geographic locations, such as an Arctic village and U.S. desert southwest scene.
The National Library of Medicine invites you to link from your web site to Tox Town at http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov. You may use Tox Town images for creating links from your website for training and publicity.
If you think that you have been exposed to a toxic chemical, contact your health care professional. For poisoning emergencies or questions about possible poisons, please contact your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 in the United States. Tox Town cannot respond to questions about individual medical cases, provide second opinions, or make specific recommendations regarding therapy. Those issues should be addressed directly with your healthcare provider. As this project is entirely U.S. federal government funded, Tox Town neither allows advertising on this site nor endorses any company or product.
Please send your comments or questions on Tox Town to tehip@teh.nlm.nih.gov
weatherbase web site
http://www.weatherbase.com/
Friday, July 11, 2008
Wednesday, July 9, 2008
July 8, 2008 security lapse at Robinsons; advisory re Streetmarket; Etc,
July 8, 2008 security lapse at Robinsons Ermita
Bomb elements and deadly weapons could have been brought, on July 8, 2008, imto Robinsons Ermita because a guard, at one of the entrances to said mall, didn't inspect well my luggage and waist bag. Said luggage was large enough to contain said bomb elements and said waist bag was large enough to contain deadly weapons. The name of said guard and the receipt of an item I purchased on said date inside said mall availabke.Customer advisory re The Fort Streetmarket at Rizal Drive (facing Chowking), Bonifacio Global City
For their own benefit, it will be advantageous for customers to obtain the following details/proofs regarding said streetmarket before going to said streetmarket. (1) A. The complete names of the sellers of: produce, cooked food, baked products, organic food and drinks, toys and books for the kids, pet food and equipment; B. Proofs that said sellers have all relevant business permits, sanitation permits, etc. (2) complete information regarding the activity center: How many bounce and slide inflatables are there? What are the brands and models of said bounce and inflatables . Proof, if any, that there are sufficient and adequately trained personnel to watch over the kids in said activity center. Proof, if any, that there is a first aid clinic with adequate first aid supplies and with a fully qualified person to administer first aid (3) proof, if any, that there are sufficient fully trained security guards and security devices at said streetmarket. (4) proof, if any, that are sufficient fire extinguishers of the proper type in good working condition and placed at the appropriate locations within said streetmarket; (5) How many, if any, separate toilets are there for men and women? (6) proof, if any, that said toilets have sufficient water during the entire tine that said streetmarket is open. (7) proof, if any, that each toilet has an attendant on duty during the entire time that said streetmarket is open for business; (8) proof, if any, that there are sufficient number of fire hoses properly placed at the proper locations within said market. (8) proof, if any, that fire fighting drills have been conducted by appropriate authorities for the personnel of said streetmarket; (9) the names of the Streetmarket personnel who have been assigned to use the fire extinguishers and fire hoses; (10) proofs, if any, that said personnel have used said equipment properly. (11) proof, if any, that said Streetmarket has its own power generator(s) (12) proofs, if any that said generators are ready for use within several minutes (13) information on how many minutes said generators can function before they have to be refueled.
Tip regarding nutritious foods
http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/diet.fitness/07/02/cl.produce.preparation/index.html
Philippine Parenting Tips
http://www.huggies.com.ph/BeingAParent/?gclid=CNeIzd_Os5QCFQ0dewodMGcZHA
customer advisory re Xin Tian Di restaurant
whose address qas identified as Crowne Plaza Galleria Manila, Ortigas Avenue cor. Asian Development Bank Avenue, Quezon City The July 10, 2008 issue of the Philippine Star newspaper contained the following regarding said restaurant: ". . .where diners can choose from over 100 Asian fusion dishes . . . indulge in a limitless array of Chinese cuisine . . ." For their own benefit, it will be advantageous for customers to, before patronizing said restaurant, require the manager of said restaurant to provide them, in advance, with: (1) a complete list of the alleged over 100 Asian fusion dishes; (2) proofs, if any, that said restaurant has a limitless (italicization by the undersigned) array of Chinese cuisine . . ." (3) certification from said manager that, every Friday and Saturday, said alleged over 100 Asian fusion dishes and alleged limitless array of Chinese cuisine will be available from the time said restaurant opens up to the time said restaurant closes.
Bomb elements and deadly weapons could have been brought, on July 8, 2008, imto Robinsons Ermita because a guard, at one of the entrances to said mall, didn't inspect well my luggage and waist bag. Said luggage was large enough to contain said bomb elements and said waist bag was large enough to contain deadly weapons. The name of said guard and the receipt of an item I purchased on said date inside said mall availabke.Customer advisory re The Fort Streetmarket at Rizal Drive (facing Chowking), Bonifacio Global City
For their own benefit, it will be advantageous for customers to obtain the following details/proofs regarding said streetmarket before going to said streetmarket. (1) A. The complete names of the sellers of: produce, cooked food, baked products, organic food and drinks, toys and books for the kids, pet food and equipment; B. Proofs that said sellers have all relevant business permits, sanitation permits, etc. (2) complete information regarding the activity center: How many bounce and slide inflatables are there? What are the brands and models of said bounce and inflatables . Proof, if any, that there are sufficient and adequately trained personnel to watch over the kids in said activity center. Proof, if any, that there is a first aid clinic with adequate first aid supplies and with a fully qualified person to administer first aid (3) proof, if any, that there are sufficient fully trained security guards and security devices at said streetmarket. (4) proof, if any, that are sufficient fire extinguishers of the proper type in good working condition and placed at the appropriate locations within said streetmarket; (5) How many, if any, separate toilets are there for men and women? (6) proof, if any, that said toilets have sufficient water during the entire tine that said streetmarket is open. (7) proof, if any, that each toilet has an attendant on duty during the entire time that said streetmarket is open for business; (8) proof, if any, that there are sufficient number of fire hoses properly placed at the proper locations within said market. (8) proof, if any, that fire fighting drills have been conducted by appropriate authorities for the personnel of said streetmarket; (9) the names of the Streetmarket personnel who have been assigned to use the fire extinguishers and fire hoses; (10) proofs, if any, that said personnel have used said equipment properly. (11) proof, if any, that said Streetmarket has its own power generator(s) (12) proofs, if any that said generators are ready for use within several minutes (13) information on how many minutes said generators can function before they have to be refueled.
Tip regarding nutritious foods
http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/diet.fitness/07/02/cl.produce.preparation/index.html
Philippine Parenting Tips
http://www.huggies.com.ph/BeingAParent/?gclid=CNeIzd_Os5QCFQ0dewodMGcZHA
customer advisory re Xin Tian Di restaurant
whose address qas identified as Crowne Plaza Galleria Manila, Ortigas Avenue cor. Asian Development Bank Avenue, Quezon City The July 10, 2008 issue of the Philippine Star newspaper contained the following regarding said restaurant: ". . .where diners can choose from over 100 Asian fusion dishes . . . indulge in a limitless array of Chinese cuisine . . ." For their own benefit, it will be advantageous for customers to, before patronizing said restaurant, require the manager of said restaurant to provide them, in advance, with: (1) a complete list of the alleged over 100 Asian fusion dishes; (2) proofs, if any, that said restaurant has a limitless (italicization by the undersigned) array of Chinese cuisine . . ." (3) certification from said manager that, every Friday and Saturday, said alleged over 100 Asian fusion dishes and alleged limitless array of Chinese cuisine will be available from the time said restaurant opens up to the time said restaurant closes.
Thursday, July 3, 2008
Beware of restaurants at Robinsons Ermita; deadly weapons into Ayala Center, Makati & Robinsons Ermita; etc.
Beware of following restaurants at Robinson's Ermita: Mangyan, Aristocrat, Karate Kid, Chow King.
Deadly weapons could, on July 3, 2008, have been brought into: (1) Park Square 1, SM food court, SM department store, all at Ayala Center, Makati; (2) Robinsons Ermita. Details available.
sciencemag web site
http://www.sciencemag.org/
http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/biologics062608.html
FDA 101: Biological Products
* What biological products does FDA regulate?
* How do biologics differ from conventional drugs?
* What is FDA's role regarding biological products?
* What are the responsibilities of a licensed biologics manufacturer?
* How can adverse events related to biologic products be reported?
Biological products often represent the cutting edge of medical science and research. Also known as biologics, these products replicate natural substances such as enzymes, antibodies, or hormones in our bodies.
Biological products can be composed of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids, or a combination of these substances. They may also be living entities, such as cells and tissues. Biologics are made from a variety of natural resources—human, animal, and microorganism—and may be produced by biotechnology methods.
Gene-based and cellular biologics, at the forefront of biomedical research today, may make it possible to treat a variety of medical conditions, including illnesses for which no other treatments are available. Research continues to develop more biologics that will help treat medical conditions or add to existing treatment options.
Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about this diverse and highly important field.
What biological products does FDA regulate?
The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) within FDA regulates a wide range of biological products, including
* allergenic extracts (e.g. for allergy shots and tests)
* blood and blood components
* gene therapy products
* devices and test kits
* human tissue and cellular products used in transplantation
* vaccines
How do biologics differ from conventional drugs?
Most drugs consist of pure chemical substances and their structures are known. Most biologics, however, are complex mixtures that are not easily identified or characterized. Biological products differ from conventional drugs in that they tend to be heat-sensitive and susceptible to microbial contamination. This requires sterile processes to be applied from initial manufacturing steps.
What is FDA's role regarding biological products?
CBER's regulatory authority for the approval of biologics resides in the Public Health Service Act (PHS). However, biologics are also subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) because most biological products also meet the definition of "drugs" cited within this Act.
Similarly, some medical devices used to produce biologics are regulated by CBER under the FD&C Act's Medical Device Amendments of 1976.
Through CBER, FDA also
* reviews new biological products and new indications and usage for already approved products in order to get biological products on the market for the treatment of known diseases
* helps protect against threats of emerging infectious diseases
* helps provide the public with information to promote the safe and appropriate use of biological products
* conducts inspections of plants that manufacture biologics before product approval is granted, and thereafter, on a regular basis
* monitors the safety of biological products after they are marketed
The PHS Act also
* allows FDA to approve biological products and immediately suspend licenses where there exists a danger to public health
* allows the agency to prepare or procure products in the event of shortages and critical public health needs
* enforces regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of communicable diseases within the country and between states
What are the responsibilities of a licensed biologics manufacturer?
The PHS Act requires individuals or companies who manufacture biologics for introduction into interstate commerce to hold a license for the products. These licenses are generally issued by CBER.
Some responsibilities of a licensed biologics manufacturer include
* complying with the appropriate laws and regulations relevant to their biologics license and identifying any changes needed to help ensure product quality
* reporting certain problems to FDA's Biological Product Deviation Reporting System
* reporting and correcting product problems within established timeframes
* recalling or stopping the manufacture of a product if a significant problem is detected
http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/travel_health062308.html
Stay Healthy While Traveling Abroad
* Before You Go
* Tips for the Trip
* While in Developing Countries
* Illnesses to Avoid
* When You Return
Are you planning a trip to other countries? Remember: healthy travel requires planning, preparation, self-discipline, and
vigilance.
In the Guide to International Inspections, FDA advises employees on safe and healthy travel basics. Here are a few pointers
that can help you stay healthy, too.
Before You Go
Do some research. Learn about access to reliable medical care at your destination. Also read up on current events there.
Good resources include
* The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travelers' Health (wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/default.aspx)
* The CIA World Fact Book (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html)
* U.S. Department of State Travel Information (http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1765.html)
Don't buy medicines abroad. Many drugs sold in developing countries contain impure or toxic ingredients. Don't buy any
medical product without consulting a competent health care professional.
Take an ample supply of medications. Keep prescription and over-the-counter medications in their original packaging to
avoid problems with border guards. Carry one or two days' worth of prescription medicine to cover unexpected delays.
Consider carrying sunscreen and protection against insects, as well as treatments for the common cold; constipation; cuts,
scratches, and burns; diarrhea; heartburn or indigestion; insomnia; motion sickness; allergies; nasal congestion; pain or
fever; sore throat; and malaria prevention.
Don't use Entero-Vioform. This drug, widely distributed abroad for treating diarrhea, has been linked to nervous system
complications.
Think about immunizations. Consult your health care professional weeks in advance,
since some immunizations are administered over weeks or months.
Consider altitude. Even healthy, athletic people can become ill at altitudes above 10,000 feet. Young children are
especially at risk. If you're going to high altitudes, plan to rest during the first 12 to 24 hours there to adjust to
breathing in less oxygen. People with chronic heart and lung disorders should consult a physician before traveling to
altitudes above 3,000 feet.
Tips for the Trip
Exercise. During long trips, help avoid circulatory problems in your legs by standing up and walking for several minutes
every hour or so.
Eat and drink wisely. Drink plenty of liquids. Avoid overindulgence. Too much alcohol and/or food can result in
gastrointestinal problems, poor sleep, and altered moods.
Fight off jet lag. Minimize fatigue associated with time-zone hopping by eating normally. Try to get a good initial
night's sleep at your destination.
While in Developing Countries
Avoid tap water in all forms. This includes ice, water by the glass or in mixed drinks, and water used when brushing your
teeth. In developing countries, water may be contaminated by such unpleasantries as amoebas and other parasites, and the
virus that causes hepatitis. Even a small amount of infected water can make you ill.
Drink safe beverages. These include
* Boiled water – one minute of boiling is adequate.
* Hot beverages – these are relatively safe even if full boiling is not assured.
* Bottled water – carbonated water is the best assurance that the container was just opened and not filled at the tap.
* Bottled or canned beverages
* Treated water – commercial iodine or chlorine tablets provide substantial protection if added to tap water and allowed to stand according to the directions.
Avoid raw fruits and vegetables. This includes salads and uncooked vegetables. Eat only food that has been cooked and is still hot, or fruit that has been washed in clean water and that you have peeled. Fruits and vegetables that grow near to the ground are likely to be contaminated by the same organisms as the tap water.
Avoid other foods. These include
* Raw or undercooked meat, poultry, fish and eggs
* Dairy products from small independent vendors
* Food that has been left unrefrigerated, especially food containing meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products
Eat safe foods. These include
* Thoroughly cooked fruits and vegetables
* Fruits with a thick covering (citrus fruits, bananas, and melons), which you peel yourself
* Thoroughly cooked meat, poultry, eggs and fish. (Pork and lamb should be well done; beef can be medium)
* Dairy products from large commercial dairies
Illnesses to Avoid
Diarrhea. The most common cause of tourists' diarrhea can be treated with over-the-counter, "upset-stomach" products. (Buy these before you leave.) Effective drugs that control the frequency of diarrhea include Lomotil (diphenoxylate), lmodium (loperamide), and Kaopectate. Remember that adequate fluid intake is essential to preventing dehydration. Find reliable medical help if you have severe abdominal cramps, severe abdominal pain, high fever, blood or mucus in your stool, and/or severe dehydration.
Respiratory diseases. Many diseases—including influenza, tuberculosis, and diphtheria—are spread through sneezing, coughing, or talking. Consult your physician about testing and immunization.
Mosquito-borne diseases. These include malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Japanese B encephalitis. To avoid mosquitoes
* Bring plenty of liquid mosquito repellent with at least 30% of the active ingredient Diethyltoluamide (DEET).
* Wear long sleeves and long pants.
* Sleep in a bed protected by mosquito netting, if needed.
Schistosomiasis. Swimmers need to know that many freshwater ponds in South America, Africa, and Asia are infested with a parasite that causes a chronic disease called schistosomiasis. Chlorinated pools and salt water are generally safe from infectious diseases.
Date Posted: June 23, 2008
http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/wrinklefillers062608.html
Wrinkle Relief: Injectable Cosmetic Fillers
* Uses
* Filler Materials
* Risks
* Tips for Consumers
* What About Botox?
In the quest for youth—or at least a more youthful appearance—women and men are seeking treatments to minimize laugh lines, crow's feet, and forehead furrows. A popular treatment involves injecting cosmetic wrinkle fillers into the face.
Injectable cosmetic wrinkle fillers are soft tissue fillers approved as medical devices by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These devices are injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles, restoring a smoother appearance. Most of these wrinkle fillers are temporary because they are eventually absorbed by the body.
Some people may need more than one injection to achieve the wrinkle-smoothing effect. The effect lasts for about six months or longer.
Successful results depend on
* health of the skin
* skill of the doctor
* type of filler used
back to top
Uses
FDA has approved absorbable injectable cosmetic wrinkle fillers for correcting soft tissue contour defects, such as moderate and severe wrinkles and folds. Some absorbable fillers are approved for restoring or correcting the signs of facial fat loss in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The only non-absorbable FDA-approved injectable cosmetic wrinkle filler is for correcting facial tissue around the mouth.
FDA-approved cosmetic wrinkle fillers should not be used for
* plumping the lips (lip augmentation)
* increasing breast size (breast augmentation)
* implanting into bone, tendon, ligament, or muscle
* implanting into blood vessels
Filler Materials
Wrinkle fillers are made of various types of materials, and some include a combination of products. Some products also contain lidocaine, which numbs the skin at the injection site.
The materials used in injectable cosmetic wrinkle fillers include
Temporary (absorbable) fillers
* Collagen injections are made of highly purified cow or human collagen. Collagen is a natural protein that is a major component of skin and other tissues in the body.
* Hyaluronic acid gel is a protective lubricating gel, produced naturally by the body, that binds with water to plump the skin.
* Calcium hydroxylapatite is a mineral that is a major component of bone. Calcium hydroxylapatite is a well-matched (biocompatible) material that dissolves in the body (biodegradable) and is implanted in the form of a gel.
* Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a biodegradable, biocompatible, synthetic material from the alpha-hydroxy-acid family that has been widely used for many years in dissolvable stitches and bone screws.
Permanent (non-absorbable) filler
* Polymethylmethacrylate beads (PMMA microspheres) are tiny round, smooth plastic particles that have been tested to be biocompatible. They are not absorbed by the body.
back to top
Risks
Getting injected with cosmetic wrinkle fillers is an elective procedure. As with any medical procedure, it poses risks.
Possible side effects include
* infection
* bruising
* redness
* swelling
* pain
* tenderness
* itching and rash
* raised bumps of skin (nodules or granulomas) that may need to be surgically removed
* death of skin, which may cause disfiguration, if the cosmetic wrinkle filler is injected and blocks a blood vessel
* sore (abscess) at the injection site
* wrinkle filler that breaks through the skin
* open or draining wounds
* blurred vision and flu-like symptoms
* increased allergic reaction that may lead to a severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock) that requires emergency medical help. (Your doctor may request a pre-treatment allergy test to determine if you are allergic to the filler.)
Most side effects occur shortly after injection and go away within seven days. In some cases, side effects may emerge weeks, months, or years later. A non-absorbable filler may cause long-term side effects.
You should not use cosmetic wrinkle fillers if any of the following applies to you:
* severe allergies marked by a history of anaphylactic shock
* allergy to cow collagen or eggs
* allergy to lidocaine
* inflamed or infected skin
* prone to form excessive scarring (keloid) or thick scarring (hypertrophic scars)
* bleeding disorder
* active inflammatory condition (cysts, pimples, rashes or hives) or infection; you should postpone treatment until the condition is controlled.
back to top
Tips for Consumers
Before deciding to get injected with a cosmetic wrinkle filler:
* Be aware that the safety of these products is unknown for use in pregnant or breastfeeding women or in patients under 18 years of age.
* Be aware that the safety is unknown when these products are used with Botox or other wrinkle therapies.
* Be aware that the safety of these fillers has only been studied when used in the face.
* Know the type of product that will be injected and all of its possible side effects.
* Discuss fillers with a doctor who can refer you to a specialist in the fields of dermatology and aesthetic plastic surgery.
* Select a doctor who is trained to do the procedure. (You may want to contact the American Academy of Dermatology at www.aad.org or the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery at www.surgery.org.)
* Have realistic expectations about the benefits you want to achieve and discuss them with your doctor.
This article appears on FDA's Consumer Health Information Web page (www.fda.gov/consumer), which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products. Sign up for free e-mail subscriptions at www.fda.gov/consumer/consumerenews.html.
horizontal rule
What About Botox?
Botox Cosmetic is an injectable drug, but it is not a wrinkle filler. Instead of filling the wrinkle, it keeps muscles from tightening so the wrinkles don’t show as much. FDA has approved Botox Cosmetic only to treat wrinkles between the eyebrows.
For More Information
Get the Facts: Botox
www.fda.gov/womens/getthefacts/botox.html
Adverse Reactions Linked to Botox
www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/botox020808.html
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/safe_sleep_gen.cfm
Safe Sleep for Your Baby Ten Ways to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (General Outreach)
Safe Sleep for Your Baby: Ten Ways to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (General Outreach)
Babies Sleep Safer on Their Backs - brochure coverContents
* What is SIDS?
* What should I know about SIDS?
* What can I do to lower my baby's risk of SIDS?
Safe Sleep Top 10
* Babies sleep safest on their backs.
* Spread the word!
What is SIDS?
SIDS stands for sudden infant death syndrome. This term describes the sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year of age.
Some people call SIDS "crib death" because many babies who die of SIDS are found in their cribs. But, cribs don't cause SIDS.
What should I know about SIDS?
Fast Facts About SIDS
* SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants between 1 month and 1 year of age.
* Most SIDS deaths happen when babies are between 2 months and 4 months of age.
* African American babies are more than 2 times as likely to die of SIDS as white babies.
* American Indian/Alaskan Native babies are nearly 3 times as likely to die of SIDS as white babies
Health care providers don't know exactly what causes SIDS, but they do know:
* Babies sleep safer on their backs. Babies who sleep on their stomachs are much more likely to die of SIDS than babies who sleep on their backs.
* Sleep surface matters. Babies who sleep on or under soft bedding are more likely to die of SIDS.
* Every sleep time counts. Babies who usually sleep on their backs but who are then placed on their stomachs, like for a nap, are at very high risk for SIDS. So it's important for everyone who cares for your baby to use the back sleep position for naps and at night.
What can I do to lower my baby's risk of SIDS?
Here are 10 ways that you and others who care for your baby can reduce the risk of SIDS.
Safe Sleep Top 10
1. Always place your baby on his or her back to sleep, for naps and at night. The back sleep position is the safest, and every sleep time counts.
2. Place your baby on a firm sleep surface, such as on a safety-approved crib mattress, covered by a fitted sheet. Never place your baby to sleep on pillows, quilts, sheepskins, or other soft surfaces.
3. If you use a blanket, place the baby with feet at the end of the crib. The blanket should reach no higher than the baby's chest. Tuck the ends of the blanket under the crib mattress to ensure safety.Keep soft objects, toys, and loose bedding out of your baby's sleep area. Don't use pillows, blankets, quilts, sheepskins, and pillow-like crib bumpers in your baby's sleep area, and keep any other items away from your baby's face.
4. Do not allow smoking around your baby. Don't smoke before or after the birth of your baby, and don't let others smoke around your baby.
5. Keep your baby's sleep area close to, but separate from, where you and others sleep. Your baby should not sleep in a bed or on a couch or armchair with adults or other children, but he or she can sleep in the same room as you. If you bring the baby into bed with you to breastfeed, put him or her back in a separate sleep area, such as a bassinet, crib, cradle, or a bedside cosleeper (infant bed that attaches to an adult bed) when finished.
5.
6. Always place your baby on his or her Back to Sleep.Think about using a clean, dry pacifier when placing the infant down to sleep,
but don't force the baby to take it. (If you are breastfeeding your baby, wait until your child is 1 month old or is used to breastfeeding before using a pacifier.)
7. Do not let your baby overheat during sleep. Dress your baby in light sleep clothing, and keep the room at a temperature that is comfortable for an adult.
8. Avoid products that claim to reduce the risk of SIDS because most have not been tested for effectiveness or safety.
9. Do not use home monitors to reduce the risk of SIDS. If you have questions about using monitors for other conditions talk to your health care provider.
10. Your baby needs Tummy Time! Place babies on their stomachs when they are awake and someone is watching. Tummy time helps your baby's head and neck muscles get stronger and helps to prevent flat spots on the head.
Reduce the chance that flat spots will develop on your baby's head: provide "Tummy Time" when your baby is awake and someone is watching; change the direction that your baby lies in the crib from one week to the next; and avoid too much time in car seats, carriers, and bouncers.
Babies sleep safest on their backs.
One of the easiest ways to lower your baby's risk of SIDS is to put him or her on the back to sleep, for naps and at night. Health care providers used to think that babies should sleep on their stomachs, but research now shows that babies are less likely to die of SIDS when they sleep on their backs. Placing your baby on his or her back to sleep is the number one way to reduce the risk of SIDS.
But won't my baby choke if he or she sleeps on his or her back?
No. Healthy babies automatically swallow or cough up fluids. There has been no increase in choking or other problems for babies who sleep on their backs.
Spread the word!
Make sure everyone who cares for your baby knows the Safe Sleep Top 10! Tell grandparents, babysitters, childcare providers, and other caregivers to always place your baby on his or her back to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS. Babies who usually sleep on their backs but who are then placed on their stomachs, even for a nap, are at very high risk for SIDS—so every sleep time counts!
For more information on sleep position
for babies and reducing the risk of SIDS,
contact the Back to Sleep campaign at:
Phone: 1-800-505-CRIB (2742)
Mail: 31 Center Drive, Room 2A32, Bethesda, MD 20892
Fax: (301) 496-7101
Web site: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/SIDS
Deadly weapons could, on July 3, 2008, have been brought into: (1) Park Square 1, SM food court, SM department store, all at Ayala Center, Makati; (2) Robinsons Ermita. Details available.
sciencemag web site
http://www.sciencemag.org/
http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/biologics062608.html
FDA 101: Biological Products
* What biological products does FDA regulate?
* How do biologics differ from conventional drugs?
* What is FDA's role regarding biological products?
* What are the responsibilities of a licensed biologics manufacturer?
* How can adverse events related to biologic products be reported?
Biological products often represent the cutting edge of medical science and research. Also known as biologics, these products replicate natural substances such as enzymes, antibodies, or hormones in our bodies.
Biological products can be composed of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids, or a combination of these substances. They may also be living entities, such as cells and tissues. Biologics are made from a variety of natural resources—human, animal, and microorganism—and may be produced by biotechnology methods.
Gene-based and cellular biologics, at the forefront of biomedical research today, may make it possible to treat a variety of medical conditions, including illnesses for which no other treatments are available. Research continues to develop more biologics that will help treat medical conditions or add to existing treatment options.
Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about this diverse and highly important field.
What biological products does FDA regulate?
The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) within FDA regulates a wide range of biological products, including
* allergenic extracts (e.g. for allergy shots and tests)
* blood and blood components
* gene therapy products
* devices and test kits
* human tissue and cellular products used in transplantation
* vaccines
How do biologics differ from conventional drugs?
Most drugs consist of pure chemical substances and their structures are known. Most biologics, however, are complex mixtures that are not easily identified or characterized. Biological products differ from conventional drugs in that they tend to be heat-sensitive and susceptible to microbial contamination. This requires sterile processes to be applied from initial manufacturing steps.
What is FDA's role regarding biological products?
CBER's regulatory authority for the approval of biologics resides in the Public Health Service Act (PHS). However, biologics are also subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) because most biological products also meet the definition of "drugs" cited within this Act.
Similarly, some medical devices used to produce biologics are regulated by CBER under the FD&C Act's Medical Device Amendments of 1976.
Through CBER, FDA also
* reviews new biological products and new indications and usage for already approved products in order to get biological products on the market for the treatment of known diseases
* helps protect against threats of emerging infectious diseases
* helps provide the public with information to promote the safe and appropriate use of biological products
* conducts inspections of plants that manufacture biologics before product approval is granted, and thereafter, on a regular basis
* monitors the safety of biological products after they are marketed
The PHS Act also
* allows FDA to approve biological products and immediately suspend licenses where there exists a danger to public health
* allows the agency to prepare or procure products in the event of shortages and critical public health needs
* enforces regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of communicable diseases within the country and between states
What are the responsibilities of a licensed biologics manufacturer?
The PHS Act requires individuals or companies who manufacture biologics for introduction into interstate commerce to hold a license for the products. These licenses are generally issued by CBER.
Some responsibilities of a licensed biologics manufacturer include
* complying with the appropriate laws and regulations relevant to their biologics license and identifying any changes needed to help ensure product quality
* reporting certain problems to FDA's Biological Product Deviation Reporting System
* reporting and correcting product problems within established timeframes
* recalling or stopping the manufacture of a product if a significant problem is detected
http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/travel_health062308.html
Stay Healthy While Traveling Abroad
* Before You Go
* Tips for the Trip
* While in Developing Countries
* Illnesses to Avoid
* When You Return
Are you planning a trip to other countries? Remember: healthy travel requires planning, preparation, self-discipline, and
vigilance.
In the Guide to International Inspections, FDA advises employees on safe and healthy travel basics. Here are a few pointers
that can help you stay healthy, too.
Before You Go
Do some research. Learn about access to reliable medical care at your destination. Also read up on current events there.
Good resources include
* The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travelers' Health (wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/default.aspx)
* The CIA World Fact Book (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html)
* U.S. Department of State Travel Information (http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1765.html)
Don't buy medicines abroad. Many drugs sold in developing countries contain impure or toxic ingredients. Don't buy any
medical product without consulting a competent health care professional.
Take an ample supply of medications. Keep prescription and over-the-counter medications in their original packaging to
avoid problems with border guards. Carry one or two days' worth of prescription medicine to cover unexpected delays.
Consider carrying sunscreen and protection against insects, as well as treatments for the common cold; constipation; cuts,
scratches, and burns; diarrhea; heartburn or indigestion; insomnia; motion sickness; allergies; nasal congestion; pain or
fever; sore throat; and malaria prevention.
Don't use Entero-Vioform. This drug, widely distributed abroad for treating diarrhea, has been linked to nervous system
complications.
Think about immunizations. Consult your health care professional weeks in advance,
since some immunizations are administered over weeks or months.
Consider altitude. Even healthy, athletic people can become ill at altitudes above 10,000 feet. Young children are
especially at risk. If you're going to high altitudes, plan to rest during the first 12 to 24 hours there to adjust to
breathing in less oxygen. People with chronic heart and lung disorders should consult a physician before traveling to
altitudes above 3,000 feet.
Tips for the Trip
Exercise. During long trips, help avoid circulatory problems in your legs by standing up and walking for several minutes
every hour or so.
Eat and drink wisely. Drink plenty of liquids. Avoid overindulgence. Too much alcohol and/or food can result in
gastrointestinal problems, poor sleep, and altered moods.
Fight off jet lag. Minimize fatigue associated with time-zone hopping by eating normally. Try to get a good initial
night's sleep at your destination.
While in Developing Countries
Avoid tap water in all forms. This includes ice, water by the glass or in mixed drinks, and water used when brushing your
teeth. In developing countries, water may be contaminated by such unpleasantries as amoebas and other parasites, and the
virus that causes hepatitis. Even a small amount of infected water can make you ill.
Drink safe beverages. These include
* Boiled water – one minute of boiling is adequate.
* Hot beverages – these are relatively safe even if full boiling is not assured.
* Bottled water – carbonated water is the best assurance that the container was just opened and not filled at the tap.
* Bottled or canned beverages
* Treated water – commercial iodine or chlorine tablets provide substantial protection if added to tap water and allowed to stand according to the directions.
Avoid raw fruits and vegetables. This includes salads and uncooked vegetables. Eat only food that has been cooked and is still hot, or fruit that has been washed in clean water and that you have peeled. Fruits and vegetables that grow near to the ground are likely to be contaminated by the same organisms as the tap water.
Avoid other foods. These include
* Raw or undercooked meat, poultry, fish and eggs
* Dairy products from small independent vendors
* Food that has been left unrefrigerated, especially food containing meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products
Eat safe foods. These include
* Thoroughly cooked fruits and vegetables
* Fruits with a thick covering (citrus fruits, bananas, and melons), which you peel yourself
* Thoroughly cooked meat, poultry, eggs and fish. (Pork and lamb should be well done; beef can be medium)
* Dairy products from large commercial dairies
Illnesses to Avoid
Diarrhea. The most common cause of tourists' diarrhea can be treated with over-the-counter, "upset-stomach" products. (Buy these before you leave.) Effective drugs that control the frequency of diarrhea include Lomotil (diphenoxylate), lmodium (loperamide), and Kaopectate. Remember that adequate fluid intake is essential to preventing dehydration. Find reliable medical help if you have severe abdominal cramps, severe abdominal pain, high fever, blood or mucus in your stool, and/or severe dehydration.
Respiratory diseases. Many diseases—including influenza, tuberculosis, and diphtheria—are spread through sneezing, coughing, or talking. Consult your physician about testing and immunization.
Mosquito-borne diseases. These include malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Japanese B encephalitis. To avoid mosquitoes
* Bring plenty of liquid mosquito repellent with at least 30% of the active ingredient Diethyltoluamide (DEET).
* Wear long sleeves and long pants.
* Sleep in a bed protected by mosquito netting, if needed.
Schistosomiasis. Swimmers need to know that many freshwater ponds in South America, Africa, and Asia are infested with a parasite that causes a chronic disease called schistosomiasis. Chlorinated pools and salt water are generally safe from infectious diseases.
Date Posted: June 23, 2008
http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/wrinklefillers062608.html
Wrinkle Relief: Injectable Cosmetic Fillers
* Uses
* Filler Materials
* Risks
* Tips for Consumers
* What About Botox?
In the quest for youth—or at least a more youthful appearance—women and men are seeking treatments to minimize laugh lines, crow's feet, and forehead furrows. A popular treatment involves injecting cosmetic wrinkle fillers into the face.
Injectable cosmetic wrinkle fillers are soft tissue fillers approved as medical devices by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These devices are injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles, restoring a smoother appearance. Most of these wrinkle fillers are temporary because they are eventually absorbed by the body.
Some people may need more than one injection to achieve the wrinkle-smoothing effect. The effect lasts for about six months or longer.
Successful results depend on
* health of the skin
* skill of the doctor
* type of filler used
back to top
Uses
FDA has approved absorbable injectable cosmetic wrinkle fillers for correcting soft tissue contour defects, such as moderate and severe wrinkles and folds. Some absorbable fillers are approved for restoring or correcting the signs of facial fat loss in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The only non-absorbable FDA-approved injectable cosmetic wrinkle filler is for correcting facial tissue around the mouth.
FDA-approved cosmetic wrinkle fillers should not be used for
* plumping the lips (lip augmentation)
* increasing breast size (breast augmentation)
* implanting into bone, tendon, ligament, or muscle
* implanting into blood vessels
Filler Materials
Wrinkle fillers are made of various types of materials, and some include a combination of products. Some products also contain lidocaine, which numbs the skin at the injection site.
The materials used in injectable cosmetic wrinkle fillers include
Temporary (absorbable) fillers
* Collagen injections are made of highly purified cow or human collagen. Collagen is a natural protein that is a major component of skin and other tissues in the body.
* Hyaluronic acid gel is a protective lubricating gel, produced naturally by the body, that binds with water to plump the skin.
* Calcium hydroxylapatite is a mineral that is a major component of bone. Calcium hydroxylapatite is a well-matched (biocompatible) material that dissolves in the body (biodegradable) and is implanted in the form of a gel.
* Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a biodegradable, biocompatible, synthetic material from the alpha-hydroxy-acid family that has been widely used for many years in dissolvable stitches and bone screws.
Permanent (non-absorbable) filler
* Polymethylmethacrylate beads (PMMA microspheres) are tiny round, smooth plastic particles that have been tested to be biocompatible. They are not absorbed by the body.
back to top
Risks
Getting injected with cosmetic wrinkle fillers is an elective procedure. As with any medical procedure, it poses risks.
Possible side effects include
* infection
* bruising
* redness
* swelling
* pain
* tenderness
* itching and rash
* raised bumps of skin (nodules or granulomas) that may need to be surgically removed
* death of skin, which may cause disfiguration, if the cosmetic wrinkle filler is injected and blocks a blood vessel
* sore (abscess) at the injection site
* wrinkle filler that breaks through the skin
* open or draining wounds
* blurred vision and flu-like symptoms
* increased allergic reaction that may lead to a severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock) that requires emergency medical help. (Your doctor may request a pre-treatment allergy test to determine if you are allergic to the filler.)
Most side effects occur shortly after injection and go away within seven days. In some cases, side effects may emerge weeks, months, or years later. A non-absorbable filler may cause long-term side effects.
You should not use cosmetic wrinkle fillers if any of the following applies to you:
* severe allergies marked by a history of anaphylactic shock
* allergy to cow collagen or eggs
* allergy to lidocaine
* inflamed or infected skin
* prone to form excessive scarring (keloid) or thick scarring (hypertrophic scars)
* bleeding disorder
* active inflammatory condition (cysts, pimples, rashes or hives) or infection; you should postpone treatment until the condition is controlled.
back to top
Tips for Consumers
Before deciding to get injected with a cosmetic wrinkle filler:
* Be aware that the safety of these products is unknown for use in pregnant or breastfeeding women or in patients under 18 years of age.
* Be aware that the safety is unknown when these products are used with Botox or other wrinkle therapies.
* Be aware that the safety of these fillers has only been studied when used in the face.
* Know the type of product that will be injected and all of its possible side effects.
* Discuss fillers with a doctor who can refer you to a specialist in the fields of dermatology and aesthetic plastic surgery.
* Select a doctor who is trained to do the procedure. (You may want to contact the American Academy of Dermatology at www.aad.org or the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery at www.surgery.org.)
* Have realistic expectations about the benefits you want to achieve and discuss them with your doctor.
This article appears on FDA's Consumer Health Information Web page (www.fda.gov/consumer), which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products. Sign up for free e-mail subscriptions at www.fda.gov/consumer/consumerenews.html.
horizontal rule
What About Botox?
Botox Cosmetic is an injectable drug, but it is not a wrinkle filler. Instead of filling the wrinkle, it keeps muscles from tightening so the wrinkles don’t show as much. FDA has approved Botox Cosmetic only to treat wrinkles between the eyebrows.
For More Information
Get the Facts: Botox
www.fda.gov/womens/getthefacts/botox.html
Adverse Reactions Linked to Botox
www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/botox020808.html
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/safe_sleep_gen.cfm
Safe Sleep for Your Baby Ten Ways to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (General Outreach)
Safe Sleep for Your Baby: Ten Ways to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (General Outreach)
Babies Sleep Safer on Their Backs - brochure coverContents
* What is SIDS?
* What should I know about SIDS?
* What can I do to lower my baby's risk of SIDS?
Safe Sleep Top 10
* Babies sleep safest on their backs.
* Spread the word!
What is SIDS?
SIDS stands for sudden infant death syndrome. This term describes the sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year of age.
Some people call SIDS "crib death" because many babies who die of SIDS are found in their cribs. But, cribs don't cause SIDS.
What should I know about SIDS?
Fast Facts About SIDS
* SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants between 1 month and 1 year of age.
* Most SIDS deaths happen when babies are between 2 months and 4 months of age.
* African American babies are more than 2 times as likely to die of SIDS as white babies.
* American Indian/Alaskan Native babies are nearly 3 times as likely to die of SIDS as white babies
Health care providers don't know exactly what causes SIDS, but they do know:
* Babies sleep safer on their backs. Babies who sleep on their stomachs are much more likely to die of SIDS than babies who sleep on their backs.
* Sleep surface matters. Babies who sleep on or under soft bedding are more likely to die of SIDS.
* Every sleep time counts. Babies who usually sleep on their backs but who are then placed on their stomachs, like for a nap, are at very high risk for SIDS. So it's important for everyone who cares for your baby to use the back sleep position for naps and at night.
What can I do to lower my baby's risk of SIDS?
Here are 10 ways that you and others who care for your baby can reduce the risk of SIDS.
Safe Sleep Top 10
1. Always place your baby on his or her back to sleep, for naps and at night. The back sleep position is the safest, and every sleep time counts.
2. Place your baby on a firm sleep surface, such as on a safety-approved crib mattress, covered by a fitted sheet. Never place your baby to sleep on pillows, quilts, sheepskins, or other soft surfaces.
3. If you use a blanket, place the baby with feet at the end of the crib. The blanket should reach no higher than the baby's chest. Tuck the ends of the blanket under the crib mattress to ensure safety.Keep soft objects, toys, and loose bedding out of your baby's sleep area. Don't use pillows, blankets, quilts, sheepskins, and pillow-like crib bumpers in your baby's sleep area, and keep any other items away from your baby's face.
4. Do not allow smoking around your baby. Don't smoke before or after the birth of your baby, and don't let others smoke around your baby.
5. Keep your baby's sleep area close to, but separate from, where you and others sleep. Your baby should not sleep in a bed or on a couch or armchair with adults or other children, but he or she can sleep in the same room as you. If you bring the baby into bed with you to breastfeed, put him or her back in a separate sleep area, such as a bassinet, crib, cradle, or a bedside cosleeper (infant bed that attaches to an adult bed) when finished.
5.
6. Always place your baby on his or her Back to Sleep.Think about using a clean, dry pacifier when placing the infant down to sleep,
but don't force the baby to take it. (If you are breastfeeding your baby, wait until your child is 1 month old or is used to breastfeeding before using a pacifier.)
7. Do not let your baby overheat during sleep. Dress your baby in light sleep clothing, and keep the room at a temperature that is comfortable for an adult.
8. Avoid products that claim to reduce the risk of SIDS because most have not been tested for effectiveness or safety.
9. Do not use home monitors to reduce the risk of SIDS. If you have questions about using monitors for other conditions talk to your health care provider.
10. Your baby needs Tummy Time! Place babies on their stomachs when they are awake and someone is watching. Tummy time helps your baby's head and neck muscles get stronger and helps to prevent flat spots on the head.
Reduce the chance that flat spots will develop on your baby's head: provide "Tummy Time" when your baby is awake and someone is watching; change the direction that your baby lies in the crib from one week to the next; and avoid too much time in car seats, carriers, and bouncers.
Babies sleep safest on their backs.
One of the easiest ways to lower your baby's risk of SIDS is to put him or her on the back to sleep, for naps and at night. Health care providers used to think that babies should sleep on their stomachs, but research now shows that babies are less likely to die of SIDS when they sleep on their backs. Placing your baby on his or her back to sleep is the number one way to reduce the risk of SIDS.
But won't my baby choke if he or she sleeps on his or her back?
No. Healthy babies automatically swallow or cough up fluids. There has been no increase in choking or other problems for babies who sleep on their backs.
Spread the word!
Make sure everyone who cares for your baby knows the Safe Sleep Top 10! Tell grandparents, babysitters, childcare providers, and other caregivers to always place your baby on his or her back to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS. Babies who usually sleep on their backs but who are then placed on their stomachs, even for a nap, are at very high risk for SIDS—so every sleep time counts!
For more information on sleep position
for babies and reducing the risk of SIDS,
contact the Back to Sleep campaign at:
Phone: 1-800-505-CRIB (2742)
Mail: 31 Center Drive, Room 2A32, Bethesda, MD 20892
Fax: (301) 496-7101
Web site: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/SIDS
Tuesday, July 1, 2008
Advisory re: Bruno's Barbers; Pride detergent;: Ruffa Gutierrez; Sensea company; Phil. Star newspapers & magazines
customer advisory re Bruno's barbers
A customer, at Bruno's barbers store at Robinsons Ermita, was wounded twice by a person, identified as Leo. Based on information, there are Bruno's barbers stores at: Alabang town center, Libis, Ortigas Center, Greenhills, Power Plant mall, Greenbelt 1, Tomas Morato, Commonwealth, Shangri-La Plaza, Salcedo Village, Banawe, Trinoma, Robinson's Place Manila, Katipunan Avenue La Vista, Glorietta 3, Fort Bonifacio, Visayas Avenue, Paseo de Magallanes, Robinsons Place Lipa. The main office was identified as Bruno's Services Corporation, Unit 209 Amberland Plaza, Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City. For their own protection, prospective customers of said stores will benefit if they obtain, in advance, (1) the complete name and address of the manager of the particular Bruno's barbers store they are considering patronizing; (2) the complete names and addresses of the barbers, etc. at said particular store; (3) proofs, if any, that the barbers, etc. are qualified to perform the services they are assigned to do.
customer advisory re Pride Detergent
which was identified as manufactured by ACS Manufacturing Corporation with address identified as Carmel Ray Industrial Park 1, Canlubang, Calamba City, Laguna. Details available.
customer advisory re Ruffa Gutierrez
concerning what were identified as her statements in an ad, regarding MET product, which was published in the Thursday, June 19, 2008 issue of the Philippine Daily Inquirer newspapers.. Said statements were: "MET is my soap because it has Alpha Arbutin, a superior double whitening agent, and Glutathione to whiten my skin. MET also contains moisturizing oils and soybean milk to make my skin soft, and radiant with a youthful glow. Use MET premium whitening soap morning and evening and see the amazing results." For their own benefit, it is advantageous for customers not to believe said Gutierrez's claims regarding said product. If people use MET soap morning and evening but do not see amazing results, will said Gutierrez help said customers obtain a refund of the money they paid for said product?
advisory re products sold by Sensea company
whose showroom was identified as being at 2/F Liberty Center, Shaw Blvd. Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. The following claims, regarding products sold by said company, were published on page F1 of the April 7, 2008 issue of the Manila Bulletin newspaper: "Sensea colognes . . . letting you smell good for over three hours"; "Sensea perfumes . . .offer a scent that lingers for almost a day"; "Your dream flawless skin can now be achieved through Sensea's Michiko Skin Care line"; "the Womanzone and Ed Oil which both deliver sexual satisfaction for men and women"; "Womanzone is . . . formulated to enhance the woman's libido, heighten orgasm, tectile and erotic sensitivity" For their own benefit, it will be advantageous for prospective buyers of said products to require said company to provide them, in advance with certification from an unbiased entity that (1) Sensea colognes lets any person smell good for over three hours; (2) Sensea perfumes . .. scent that lingers for almost a day;" (3) Any person's dream flawless skin can now be achieved through Sensea's Michiko Skin Care line;" (4) the Womanzone and Ed Oil . . . both deliver sexual satisfaction for men and women;" (5) Womanzone enhances any woman's libido, heightens orgasm, tectile and erotic sensitivity"
customer advisory re Philippine Star newspapers and magazines
For their own benefit, it is advantageous for customers not to believe what has been published and may be published in said newspapers and magazines regarding products, services, stores wherein either the source(s) of the claims, recommendations is/are not identified or only the email addresses of the alleged sources of said claims/recommendations is provided. If customers follow the recommendations of said sources and discover that the recommended products, services are unsatisfactory, will said sources help said customers obtain a full refund for said products/services? How can said disgruntled customers hold said sources responsible for said recommendations/claims since either the name of the person making said claim is not indicated or only the alleged email addresses of the persons making said claims is visible? Questionable claims/recommendations were made by "Tingting Cojuangco", "Lucy Torres Gomez", "Rissa M. Manaquil". Evidence available.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
Health news
# Barefoot Lifestyle Has Its Dangers (06/30/08)
# Obesity May Interfere with Prostate Cancer Screen (06/30/08)
# Staying Social May Keep Dementia at Bay (06/30/08)
http://us.mc570.mail.yahoo.com/mc/showMessage?fid=Inbox&sort=date&order=down&startMid=0&.rand=368782912&midIndex=1&mid=1_22382089_AHNhxEIAAAvVSGqs5A2wq1OlD0Q&eps=&prevMid=1_22382818_AG1hxEIAAWVWSGq2%2BA5FyUMDC8I&nextMid=1_22362010_AGphxEIAAVV5SGpfEQAVywdbs4I&m=1_22382818_AG1hxEIAAWVWSGq2%2BA5FyUMDC8I,1_22382089_AHNhxEIAAAvVSGqs5A2wq1OlD0Q,1_22362010_AGphxEIAAVV5SGpfEQAVywdbs4I,1_22360382_AHZhxEIAAH%2BNSGpcqQ3pmWAHcAg,1_22365771_AG9hxEIAAMzjSGppaQ7BcEJfQ2A,1_22359567_AHNhxEIAAMifSGpVMwjK1UxMAcE,1_22358966_AGthxEIAAIraSGpPZgg%2FhRdr%2FaE,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
CDER NEW
July 1, 2008
* New and Generic Drug Approvals
o Acetaminophen Suppository, Actavis Mid Atlantic, LLC, Manufacturing Change or Addition
o Aciphex (rabeprazole sodium) Delayed-Release Tablets, Eisai Medical Research, Inc., Patient Population Altered
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Betaxolol Hydrochloride Tablets, KVK-Tech, Inc., Approval
o Dronabinol Capsules, Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., Approval
o Epoprostenol Injection, GeneraMedix, Inc., Approval
o Infants' FeverAll (acetaminophen) Suppository, Actavis Mid Atlantic, LLC, Manufacturing Change or Addition
o Flo-Pred (prednisolone acetate) Oral Suspension, Taro Pharmaceuticals, USA, Inc., Package Change
o Ganirelix Acetate Injection (ganirelix acetate) Injection, Organon USA, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Helidac (bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole and tetracycline hydrochloride) Capsules, Chewable Tablets and Tablets, Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Minocin (minocycline hydrochloride) Capsules, Triax Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Labeling Revision
o Mobic (meloxicam) Oral Suspension, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Mobic (meloxicam) Tablets, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Visudyne (verteporfin) Injection, QLT, Inc., Efficacy Supplement with Clinical Data to Support
CDER Home Page | Contact CDER | FDA Home Page | HHS Home Page
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332)
http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/contentSafeFoodWater.aspx
U.S. government Center for Disease Control web site Topics Safe Food and Water
* Risks from Food and Drink
Extensive, scientific information on proper treatment, purification, and handling of food and water
* Treatment of Water to Make it Safe for Drinking
How to disinfect water and more
* Traveling Safely with Infants and Children
See especially Diarrhea and Dehydration section.
* Frequently Asked Questions about Travelers' Diarrhea
Information about the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of travelers' diarrhea
* Travelers' Diarrhea (Information for Health Care Providers)
A thorough explanation of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of travelers' diarrhea. From Health Information for International Travel
* Food Poisoning from Marine Toxins
Types of toxins, symptoms, treatment, more
* New Drug Approved for the Treatment of Travelers' Diarrhea
Archived Travel Notice, originally dated July 2004
* New Medication Approved for Treatment of Giardiasis and Amebiasis
Archived Highlight, originally released August 26, 2004
* Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ("Mad Cow Disease") and New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD)
A discussion of the possible risk of disease from consumption of cattle products
* Other CDC information about foodborne diseases
U.S. Federal Communications Commission Parents Place
http://www.fcc.gov/parents/
ew technologies are changing the landscape of our communications arena almost daily. With an increasing number and variety of communications entering our homes each day, it can be hard for parents and caregivers to monitor, or even track, what children are watching and hearing. While technology has great potential to teach the nation's children, it also has the power to shape their lives and opinions.
The FCC has an array of information to help parents deal with, decipher, and monitor the communications that their children can access.
A customer, at Bruno's barbers store at Robinsons Ermita, was wounded twice by a person, identified as Leo. Based on information, there are Bruno's barbers stores at: Alabang town center, Libis, Ortigas Center, Greenhills, Power Plant mall, Greenbelt 1, Tomas Morato, Commonwealth, Shangri-La Plaza, Salcedo Village, Banawe, Trinoma, Robinson's Place Manila, Katipunan Avenue La Vista, Glorietta 3, Fort Bonifacio, Visayas Avenue, Paseo de Magallanes, Robinsons Place Lipa. The main office was identified as Bruno's Services Corporation, Unit 209 Amberland Plaza, Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City. For their own protection, prospective customers of said stores will benefit if they obtain, in advance, (1) the complete name and address of the manager of the particular Bruno's barbers store they are considering patronizing; (2) the complete names and addresses of the barbers, etc. at said particular store; (3) proofs, if any, that the barbers, etc. are qualified to perform the services they are assigned to do.
customer advisory re Pride Detergent
which was identified as manufactured by ACS Manufacturing Corporation with address identified as Carmel Ray Industrial Park 1, Canlubang, Calamba City, Laguna. Details available.
customer advisory re Ruffa Gutierrez
concerning what were identified as her statements in an ad, regarding MET product, which was published in the Thursday, June 19, 2008 issue of the Philippine Daily Inquirer newspapers.. Said statements were: "MET is my soap because it has Alpha Arbutin, a superior double whitening agent, and Glutathione to whiten my skin. MET also contains moisturizing oils and soybean milk to make my skin soft, and radiant with a youthful glow. Use MET premium whitening soap morning and evening and see the amazing results." For their own benefit, it is advantageous for customers not to believe said Gutierrez's claims regarding said product. If people use MET soap morning and evening but do not see amazing results, will said Gutierrez help said customers obtain a refund of the money they paid for said product?
advisory re products sold by Sensea company
whose showroom was identified as being at 2/F Liberty Center, Shaw Blvd. Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. The following claims, regarding products sold by said company, were published on page F1 of the April 7, 2008 issue of the Manila Bulletin newspaper: "Sensea colognes . . . letting you smell good for over three hours"; "Sensea perfumes . . .offer a scent that lingers for almost a day"; "Your dream flawless skin can now be achieved through Sensea's Michiko Skin Care line"; "the Womanzone and Ed Oil which both deliver sexual satisfaction for men and women"; "Womanzone is . . . formulated to enhance the woman's libido, heighten orgasm, tectile and erotic sensitivity" For their own benefit, it will be advantageous for prospective buyers of said products to require said company to provide them, in advance with certification from an unbiased entity that (1) Sensea colognes lets any person smell good for over three hours; (2) Sensea perfumes . .. scent that lingers for almost a day;" (3) Any person's dream flawless skin can now be achieved through Sensea's Michiko Skin Care line;" (4) the Womanzone and Ed Oil . . . both deliver sexual satisfaction for men and women;" (5) Womanzone enhances any woman's libido, heightens orgasm, tectile and erotic sensitivity"
customer advisory re Philippine Star newspapers and magazines
For their own benefit, it is advantageous for customers not to believe what has been published and may be published in said newspapers and magazines regarding products, services, stores wherein either the source(s) of the claims, recommendations is/are not identified or only the email addresses of the alleged sources of said claims/recommendations is provided. If customers follow the recommendations of said sources and discover that the recommended products, services are unsatisfactory, will said sources help said customers obtain a full refund for said products/services? How can said disgruntled customers hold said sources responsible for said recommendations/claims since either the name of the person making said claim is not indicated or only the alleged email addresses of the persons making said claims is visible? Questionable claims/recommendations were made by "Tingting Cojuangco", "Lucy Torres Gomez", "Rissa M. Manaquil". Evidence available.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
Health news
# Barefoot Lifestyle Has Its Dangers (06/30/08)
# Obesity May Interfere with Prostate Cancer Screen (06/30/08)
# Staying Social May Keep Dementia at Bay (06/30/08)
http://us.mc570.mail.yahoo.com/mc/showMessage?fid=Inbox&sort=date&order=down&startMid=0&.rand=368782912&midIndex=1&mid=1_22382089_AHNhxEIAAAvVSGqs5A2wq1OlD0Q&eps=&prevMid=1_22382818_AG1hxEIAAWVWSGq2%2BA5FyUMDC8I&nextMid=1_22362010_AGphxEIAAVV5SGpfEQAVywdbs4I&m=1_22382818_AG1hxEIAAWVWSGq2%2BA5FyUMDC8I,1_22382089_AHNhxEIAAAvVSGqs5A2wq1OlD0Q,1_22362010_AGphxEIAAVV5SGpfEQAVywdbs4I,1_22360382_AHZhxEIAAH%2BNSGpcqQ3pmWAHcAg,1_22365771_AG9hxEIAAMzjSGppaQ7BcEJfQ2A,1_22359567_AHNhxEIAAMifSGpVMwjK1UxMAcE,1_22358966_AGthxEIAAIraSGpPZgg%2FhRdr%2FaE,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
CDER NEW
July 1, 2008
* New and Generic Drug Approvals
o Acetaminophen Suppository, Actavis Mid Atlantic, LLC, Manufacturing Change or Addition
o Aciphex (rabeprazole sodium) Delayed-Release Tablets, Eisai Medical Research, Inc., Patient Population Altered
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets, Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd., Approval
o Betaxolol Hydrochloride Tablets, KVK-Tech, Inc., Approval
o Dronabinol Capsules, Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., Approval
o Epoprostenol Injection, GeneraMedix, Inc., Approval
o Infants' FeverAll (acetaminophen) Suppository, Actavis Mid Atlantic, LLC, Manufacturing Change or Addition
o Flo-Pred (prednisolone acetate) Oral Suspension, Taro Pharmaceuticals, USA, Inc., Package Change
o Ganirelix Acetate Injection (ganirelix acetate) Injection, Organon USA, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Helidac (bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole and tetracycline hydrochloride) Capsules, Chewable Tablets and Tablets, Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Minocin (minocycline hydrochloride) Capsules, Triax Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Labeling Revision
o Mobic (meloxicam) Oral Suspension, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Mobic (meloxicam) Tablets, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Labeling Revision
o Visudyne (verteporfin) Injection, QLT, Inc., Efficacy Supplement with Clinical Data to Support
CDER Home Page | Contact CDER | FDA Home Page | HHS Home Page
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332)
http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/contentSafeFoodWater.aspx
U.S. government Center for Disease Control web site Topics Safe Food and Water
* Risks from Food and Drink
Extensive, scientific information on proper treatment, purification, and handling of food and water
* Treatment of Water to Make it Safe for Drinking
How to disinfect water and more
* Traveling Safely with Infants and Children
See especially Diarrhea and Dehydration section.
* Frequently Asked Questions about Travelers' Diarrhea
Information about the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of travelers' diarrhea
* Travelers' Diarrhea (Information for Health Care Providers)
A thorough explanation of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of travelers' diarrhea. From Health Information for International Travel
* Food Poisoning from Marine Toxins
Types of toxins, symptoms, treatment, more
* New Drug Approved for the Treatment of Travelers' Diarrhea
Archived Travel Notice, originally dated July 2004
* New Medication Approved for Treatment of Giardiasis and Amebiasis
Archived Highlight, originally released August 26, 2004
* Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ("Mad Cow Disease") and New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD)
A discussion of the possible risk of disease from consumption of cattle products
* Other CDC information about foodborne diseases
U.S. Federal Communications Commission Parents Place
http://www.fcc.gov/parents/
ew technologies are changing the landscape of our communications arena almost daily. With an increasing number and variety of communications entering our homes each day, it can be hard for parents and caregivers to monitor, or even track, what children are watching and hearing. While technology has great potential to teach the nation's children, it also has the power to shape their lives and opinions.
The FCC has an array of information to help parents deal with, decipher, and monitor the communications that their children can access.
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image of registry return receipt of letter addressed to Makati councilor J. J. Binay
